Defensive Nymphs of the Woolly Aphid Thoracaphis kashifolia (Hemiptera) on the Oak Quercus glauca

Figure 9

Number of the first- to the fourth-instar nymphs with (indicated by black) or without (indicated by grey) the next-instar cuticle developing inside. (a) Colony Exp#1 (29 September 2015); (b) colony 14160 (10 October 2014). L1, L2, L3, and L4 denote the first-, second-, third-, and fourth-instar nymphs, respectively. Significant differences () in the molting rate between the first instar and the remaining three instars are indicated by double asterisks above each column (Fisher’s exact test with Holm’s correction).

(a)

(b)