Toxicity of Anethole and the Essential Oils of Lemongrass and Sweet Marigold to the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor and Their Selectivity for Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Workers and Larvae

Figure 1

Dose-response lines of plant products or tau-fluvalinate for (a) Varroa destructor female mites when exposed for 4 h to 0.5 ml of plant compounds using a vial assay, (b) Apis mellifera workers 24 h after a topical treatment with 5 μl of plant compounds, and (c) Apis mellifera larvae 24 h after a topical treatment with 5 μl of plant compounds.

(a)

(b)

(c)