Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Khat Chewing among Adult Males 15-59 Years in Ethiopia Using a Secondary Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Spatial and Multilevel Analysis
Table 3
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of both individual- and community-level factors associated with khat chewing in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Individual- and community-level variables
Models
Null model
Model I
Model II
Model III
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Men age
15-20 years
1
1
20-34 years
1.67 (1.43, 1.94)
1.60 (1.37, 1.86)
35-49 years
1.38 (1.13, 1.67)
1.33 (1.09, 1.61)
Household head
Male
1
1
Female
1.03 (0.88, 1.20)
0.99 (0.85, 1.16)
Marital status
Had a partner
1
1
Not having a partner
2.08 (1.55, 2.33)
1.86 (1.64, 2.12)
Religion
Orthodox
1
1
Muslim
16.1 (12.74, 20.35)
15.06 (11.9, 18.9)
Protestant
0.48 (0.36, 0.64)
0.43 (0.34, 1.05)
Others
0.89 (0.52, 1.52)
0.77 (0.46, 1.29)
Men education
Unable to read and write
1
1
Primary education
1.16 (0.99, 1.37)
1.10 (0.93, 1.29)
Secondary education
1.26 (1.02, 1.55)
1.09 (0.89, 1.35)
Higher education
1.37 (1.10, 1.74)
1.17 (0.94, 1.47)
Men occupation
Not working
1
1
Working
2.24 (2.08, 2.94)
2.48 (2.08, 2.95)
Media exposure
No exposed
1
1
Exposed
0.86 (0.68, 0.95)
0.77 (0.65, 0.87)
Wealth index
Poor
1
1
Middle
0.99 (0.80, 1.22)
0.98 (0.79, 1.22)
Richer
1.24 (1.02, 1.50)
1.00 (0.82, 1.23)
Alcohol drinking
No
1
Yes
3.45 (2.84, 4.18)
3.75 (3.10, 4.53)
Residence
Urban
1
1
Rural
1.06 (0.74, 1.53)
0.78 (0.55, 1.10)
Region
Tigray
1
Afar
24.87 (12.13, 50.99)
8.36 (4.52, 16.49)
Amhara
2.85 (1.42, 5.70)
2.04 (1.11, 3.74)
Oromia
30.11 (15.45, 58.66)
20.10 (11.09, 36.44)
Somali
38.30 (19.40, 75.62)
12.34 (6.63, 22.95)
Benishangul Gumuz
8.58 (4.15, 17.75)
4.03 (2.12, 7.67)
SNNPR
5.12 (2.59, 10.15)
11.48 (6.1, 21.2)
Gambela
10.59 (5.13, 21.88)
19.48 (10.1, 37.2)
Harari
208 (97.5, 445)
122 (61, 241)
Addis Ababa
23.31 (11.15, 48.71)
15.48 (8.37, 29.97)
Dire Dawa
110 (5.93, 233.17)
58.31 (30.0, 113.1)
Random effects
ICC%
59.02
49.20
43.36
32.84
PCV%
1
32.76
46.93
66.17
MOR
7.96
5.47
10.96
4.60
Model fitness
Log-likelihood ratio
-5729
-4955
-5567
-4783
Deviance
11458
9910
11134
9566
NB: = significant at value = 0.05; CI = confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; others = traditional religion followers.
