High Order Linguistic Features Such as Ambiguity Processing as Relevant Diagnostic Markers for Schizophrenia

Table 1

Statistics of HOLF, CLANG, and PANSS by subsample (patients 𝑁=40; controls 𝑁=40).

Scale	Sample	Mean	SD	Median	Mean rank	Rank sum	Mann-W  U	𝑍	𝑃	Alpha
HOLF	Patients	68.5	13.6	72.5	21.5	860	39.5	−7.4	<0.001	0.963
	Controls	82.3	0.8	82.5	59.5	2380
CLANG	Patients	0.4	0.4	0.2	57.5	2300	120	−7.3	<0.001	0.893
	Controls	0.0	0.0	0	23.5	940
PANSS	Patients	1.5	0.4	1.4
	Controls	1.0	0.0	1
HOLF subscales
Antonyms	Patients	17.9	3.7	19	30.4	1215	395	−5.0	<0.001	0.924
	Controls	19.9	0.2	20	50.6	2025
Homonyms	Patients	13.9	4.1	14	22.3	891	71	−7.1	<0.001	0.878
	Controls	19.4	0.8	20	58.7	2349
Synonyms	Patients	17.0	3.1	18	23.5	941	121	−7.1	<0.001	0.845
	Controls	19.9	0.3	20	57.5	2299
Hyperonyms	Patients	17.0	4.5	19	28.1	1124	304	−5.6	<0.001	0.934
	Controls	19.9	0.2	20	52.9	2116
Adages	Patients	2.8	0.7	3	38.5	1540	720	−2.0	0.042	0.898
	Controls	3.0	0.0	3	42.5	1700
Distractors	Patients	10.2	5.6	13	29.8	1192	372	−4.4	<0.001	0.962
	Controls	14.7	0.5	15	51.2	2048