A Coupled Model for Dam Foundation Seepage Behavior Monitoring and Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Improved Temporal Convolutional Network

Table 2

Evaluation indicator value for the prediction result of the dam foundation seepage pressure model at each measuring point.

UP13	ITCN	LSTM	RNN	Stepwise regression
MSE	0.004	0.008	0.008	0.035
RMSE	0.067	0.091	0.087	0.188
MAE	0.054	0.072	0.065	0.165
MAPE	0.24%	0.32%	0.28%	0.72%
UP27	ITCN	LSTM	RNN	Stepwise regression
MSE	0.0013	0.0015	0.0016	0.0063
RMSE	0.036	0.039	0.039	0.080
MAE	0.0298	0.0302	0.0331	0.0748
MAPE	0.30%	0.31%	0.34%	0.76%