A Coupled Model for Dam Foundation Seepage Behavior Monitoring and Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Improved Temporal Convolutional Network

Table 3

Evaluation indicator value for the ITCN model prediction results before and after denoising at the UP27 measurement point.

UP27	ITCN-measured data	ITCN-denoising data
MSE	0.0022	0.0013
RMSE	0.047	0.036
MAE	0.0401	0.0298
MAPE	0.41%	0.30%