Innovative Approach to Dam Deformation Analysis: Integration of VMD, Fractal Theory, and WOA-DELM

Table 4

Prediction results of the models.

		RMSE	MAE	MAPE	MBE
C4-A22-PL-02	WOA-DELM	0.421	0.319	0.037	0.253
	WOA-LSTM	0.925	0.711	0.054	0.648
	DELM	3.407	2.434	0.186	2.011
	LSTM	1.45	1.027	0.07	0.649
C4-A22-PL-03	WOA-DELM	0.028	0.019	0.024	0.023
	WOA-LSTM	0.033	0.024	0.031	0.031
	DELM	0.098	0.073	0.091	0.057
	LSTM	0.044	0.026	0.038	0.036