Evidence for the Paleoethnobotany of the Neanderthal: A Review of the Literature

Table 1

Archaeological contexts and forms of evidence for plant use by Neanderthals at various locations.

Location	Archaeological context	Form of evidence	Citation
Abri des Merveilles, France	Stone tools	Starch	Henry et al. [46]
Amud Cave, Israel	Soil	Panicles, phytoliths	Madella et al. [52]
Douara Cave, Syria	Soil	Endocarps, seeds, spodograms, nutlets	Akazawa [54]
	Soil	Pollen	Akazawa [54]
El Salt, Spain	Coprolites	Phytosterol metabolites	Sistiaga et al. [20]
El Sidron, Spain	Dental calculus	Phytoliths	Hardy et al. [33]
	Dental calculus	Chemical compounds	Hardy et al. [33]
	Dental calculus	Starches, acids, pyrolyzed lutein	Hardy et al. [33]
	Genetics	TAS2R38 gene	Lalueza-Fox et al. [70]
Europe (primarily Germany)	Artifact	Wooden tool	Sandgathe and Hayden [60]
Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar	Artifact	Beach cobbles	Henry et al. [46]
	Soil	Plant remains	Barton et al. [57]
	Soil	Starch	Henry et al. [46]
Italy (central)	Stone tools	Pitch	Mazza et al. [63]
Kebara Cave, Israel	Soil	Acorns, nuts	Lev and Kislev [50]; Lev et al. [47]
	Soil	Phytoliths	Albert et al. [51]
	Soil	Seeds	Bar-Yosef et al. [48]; Lev and Kislev [50]; Lev et al. [47]; Hardy [10]
Konigsaue, Germany	Soil	Pitch	Grünberg [59]
Kulna Cave, Moravia	Dental calculus	Starches	Henry et al. [46]
La Quina, France	Stone tools	Large variety of microremains	Hardy [58]; Henry et al. [46]
Moldova I and V, Dniester River	Grinding stones	Use-wear	Chernysh [64, 65]; Paunescu [66, 67]
Payre, France	Stone tools	Plant residue including starch grains, plant tissue, raphides, phytoliths, and resin	Hardy and Moncel [12]
Shanidar Cave, Iraq	Dental calculus	Phytoliths, starches	Henry et al. [34]; Henry et al. [46]
	Soil	Starch	Solecki [72]
	Soil	Pollen	Solecki [72]
Sima de las Palomas, Spain	Dental calculus	Phytoliths, endosperm, dental caries	Salazar-García et al. [26]
Spy Cave, Belgium	Dental calculus	Starches	Henry et al. [46]
Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea	Stone tools	Starches and other plant remains	Hardy et al. [68]
Tor Faraj, Jordan	Soil	Phytoliths, seed husks	Henry et al. [55, 56]