Nutrition in Herbal Plants Used in Saudi Arabia

Table 3

Average ± standard error (SE) of fourteen elemental concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) for twenty-one herbs (n = 3) collected from Saudi Arabia.

Ca

Cr

Cu

Fe

I

K

Mg

Mn

Mo

Na

Ni

P

Se

Zn

Sage

429 ± 5^de

339 ± 5^bc

376 ± 3^e

430 ± 4^d

1210 ± 17^defg

1970 ± 81^ef

1467 ± 20^cd

107 ± 2^c

559 ± 8^de

998 ± 80^defg

388 ± 5^c

1127 ± 23^abcde

981 ± 12^bcd

247 ± 5^bc

Ajwain

345 ± 57^de

203 ± 120^c

269 ± 125^e

159 ± 86^d

724 ± 169^ghij

1152 ± 179^f

556 ± 398^de

125 ± 9^c

424 ± 62^de

333 ± 173^fg

233 ± 109^c

840 ± 405 ^def

569 ± 116^efgh

185 ± 15 ^ef

Anise

497 ± 6^cde

299 ± 5^bc

660 ± 14^de

355 ± 5^d

1087 ± 17^efgh

9147 ± 116^b

1503 ± 19^cd

156 ± 6^c

463 ± 8^de

1303 ± 39^defg

332 ± 5^c

1447 ± 18^abc

730 ± 8^def

194 ± 3^ef

Chamomile

323 ± 3^e

274 ± 3^c

308 ± 9^e

360 ± 10^d

1165 ± 49^defgh

3855 ± 193^de

981 ± 225^cde

119 ± 3^c

416 ± 1^de

746 ± 86^efg

309 ± 3^c

1067 ± 169^bcde

580 ± 18^efg

190 ± 10 ^ef

Cinnamomum

309 ± 27^e

156 ± 49^c

153 ± 24^e

69 ± 24^d

608 ± 34^ghij

2213 ± 179^ef

249 ± 12^e

138 ± 16^c

302 ± 38^e

390 ± 80^fg

169 ± 21^c

433 ± 34^f

417 ± 32^fghi

120 ± 7^g

Curcuma

280 ± 25^e

224 ± 4^c

178 ± 41^e

235 ± 16^d

550 ± 53 ^hij

12133 ± 120^a

907 ± 346^de

135 ± 8^c

327 ± 8^e

342 ± 85^fg

227 ± 8^c

592 ± 14^ef

388 ± 21^ghi

121 ± 2^g

Dried black lime

2693 ± 97^a

1327 ± 48^a

2977 ± 80^ab

2533 ± 77^a

2280 ± 76^ab

6737 ± 155^bc

1014 ± 36^cde

834 ± 30^a

1563 ± 304^a

7467 ± 149^bc

3050 ± 235^a

1257 ± 43^abcd

1317 ± 38^a

251 ± 9^abc

Fennel

610 ± 9^cde

321 ± 7^bc

593 ± 55^de

293 ± 11^d

1160 ± 20^defgh

8750 ± 163^b

1980 ± 21^bc

177 ± 6^c

516 ± 11^de

2488 ± 998^def

340 ± 8^c

1587 ± 28^ab

916 ± 23^cd

197 ± 4^def

Green tea

2623 ± 90^ab

1293 ± 43^a

3150 ± 121^a

2607 ± 98^a

2243 ± 97^ab

7073 ± 286^bc

990 ± 34^cde

813 ± 28^a

1267 ± 41^ab

8433 ± 398^bc

2860 ± 115^a

1230 ± 55^abcd

1297 ± 38^ab

248 ± 10^bc

Laurel leaf

2697 ± 85^a

1327 ± 41^a

2853 ± 186^ab

2480 ± 121^ab

2220 ± 145^abc

6193 ± 315^cd

1011 ± 31^cde

834 ± 26^a

1157 ± 66^abc

6273 ± 496^c

2607 ± 172^a

1220 ± 58^abcd

1287 ± 35^ab

244 ± 9^bcd

Lemon balm

453 ± 93^cde

429 ± 2^bc

388 ± 96^e

555 ± 1^d

1593 ± 3^cde

1227 ± 116^f

872 ± 602^de

140 ± 1^c

726 ± 3 ^cde

155 ± 62^fg

146 ± 93^c

1673 ± 13^a

1200 ± 6^abc

289 ± 3^ab

Licorice

1610 ± 538^abc

416 ± 16^bc

823 ± 44^de

573 ± 51^d

1027 ± 27^efghi

3847 ± 102^de

2560 ± 92^b

196 ± 4^c

608 ± 19^de

3067 ± 397^de

472 ± 23^c

1110 ± 32 ^abcde

944 ± 27^cd

225 ± 9 ^cde

Maidenhair

2733 ± 67^a

1347 ± 33^a

3310 ± 80^a

2723 ± 67^a

2337 ± 85^ab

7557 ± 169^bc

1030 ± 25^cde

845 ± 20^a

1317 ± 33^ab

9243 ± 167^b

3047 ± 69^a

1287 ± 30^abcd

1340 ± 32^a

257 ± 5^abc

Marjoram

301 ± 109^e

343 ± 27^bc

425 ± 43^e

451 ± 65^d

1192 ± 150^defg

2187 ± 175^ef

1280 ± 52^cde

123 ± 6^c

520 ± 46^de

858 ± 144^efg

386 ± 53^c

1130 ± 166^abcde

874 ± 93 ^de

232 ± 9 ^cde

Mint

2753 ± 37^a

1357 ± 19^a

3327 ± 34^a

2720 ± 25^a

2383 ± 46^a

7727 ± 91^bc

1040 ± 15^cde

852 ± 11^a

1313 ± 18^ab

9560 ± 140^a

3087 ± 39^a

1297 ± 18^abcd

1347 ± 24^a

259 ± 3^abc

Mugworts

1213 ± 18^cde

560 ± 7^bc

1560 ± 40^cd

779 ± 14^cd

1497 ± 19^def

12667 ± 133^a

6083 ± 87^a

335 ± 7^bc

899 ± 10^bcd

15267 ± 145^a

655 ± 8^bc

1427 ± 19^abcd

1320 ± 15^a

300 ± 2^a

Olive leaves

568 ± 79^cde

225 ± 42^c

403 ± 71^e

177 ± 33^d

883 ± 75^fghi

2467 ± 413^ef

971 ± 130^cde

128 ± 13^c

437 ± 38^de

407 ± 102^fg

378 ± 87^c

888 ± 124^cdef

824 ± 125^de

171 ± 12^f

Rose

143 ± 1^e

143 ± 1^c

41 ± 5^e

77 ± 4^d

242 ± 22^j

587 ± 19^f

564 ± 121^de

68 ± 2^c

367 ± 167^e

576 ± 41^fg

126 ± 0^c

418 ± 9^f

167 ± 11^i

86 ± 1^g

Roselle

285 ± 70^e

349 ± 5^bc

419 ± 17^e

375 ± 34^d

1210 ± 15^defg

1980 ± 26^ef

1490 ± 26^cd

243 ± 5^c

576 ± 9^de

659 ± 71^fg

440 ± 17^c

1073 ± 12 ^abcde

977 ± 6 ^bcd

244 ± 3 ^bcd

Star anise

204 ± 7^e

153 ± 5^c

191 ± 17^e

139 ± 56^d

395 ± 27^ij

1122 ± 123^f

514 ± 42^de

172 ± 3^c

352 ± 117^e

54 ± 26^g

162 ± 5^c

427 ± 12^f

254 ± 7^hi

97 ± 3^g

Thyme

150 ± 789^bcd

762 ± 378^b

1949 ± 876^bc

1587 ± 735^bc

1745 ± 427^bcd

4185 ± 1891^de

871 ± 184^de

604 ± 243^ab

902 ± 190^bcd

3298 ± 1523^d

1600 ± 761^b

1055 ± 123^bcde

1045 ± 171^abcd

215 ± 26^cdef

F ratio; P value

22

26

35

36

31

67

38

31

17

93

38

10

39

43

The results (F ratio and value: ; ) from ANOVA. Different letters a, b, c, and d indicate significant differences among different herbs for every single element (Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison post hoc test, ).