Determination of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis Water Extracts

Table 1

General physical characteristics and propolis attributes of H. fimbriata, T. apicalis, and T. binghami.

Characteristics	Species
	H. fimbriata	T. apicalis	T. binghami
Body length	8.10–8.29 mm	6.82–7.30 mm	6.61–7.75 mm
Body colour	Brown	Blackish brown	Blackish brown
Wing colour	Slight brownish base, semiclear apex	1/2 dark base, 1/2 transparent-tipped	1/4 dark base, 3/4 white-tipped
Propolis colour	Dark brown	Dark brown	Light brown
Propolis type	Hard and brittle	Hard and brittle	Hard and brittle