Research Article
Determination of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis Water Extracts
Table 5
Major compounds detected in stingless bee propolis water extracts using GC-MS analysis.
| | Compound | Propolis | | H. fimbriata | T. apicalis | T. binghami |
| | Terpenoid | | Germacrene D | + | − | − | | Isolongifolol | + | − | − | | Phorbol | + | − | − | | α-Eudesmol | − | + | − | | Isoaromadendrene epoxide | − | − | + |
| | Sugar | | D-Fructose | + | + | + | | d-Galactose | + | + | + | | α-D-Glucopyranoside | + | − | − | | α-D-Galactopyranoside | + | − | − | | d-Ribose | − | + | − | | d-Glucose | − | + | − | | D-Glucose | − | + | + | | α-D-Mannopyranoside | − | + | − | | Glycoside | − | + | − | | Hexopyranose | − | + | + | | α-D-Glucofuranoside | − | − | + |
| | Carboxylic acid | | α-Linolenic acid | + | − | − | | Tricosadiynoic acid | + | − | − | | Octadecatrienoic acid | + | − | − | | Butanedioic acid | − | + | − | | Propanoic acid | − | + | − | | Cyclohexene | − | + | − |
| | Sugar alcohol | | Arabinitol | + | + | + | | Ribitol | + | + | + | | Arabitol | − | + | + | | D-Glucitol | − | − | + |
| | Hydrocarbon | | Silane | − | − | + | | Butane | − | − | + |
| | Aldehyde | | Dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde | − | − | + | | Cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde | − | − | + |
| | Amino acid | | Pyroglutamic acid | − | + | − |
| | Others | | Trimethylsilyl ether of glycerol | + | + | + | | 3,8-Dioxa-2,9-disiladecane | + | | + | | Silanol | − | + | − | | 2-Mono-isobutyrin | − | − | + |
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