Research Article
Determinants of Higher-Risk Sexual Behavior in Some Selected African Countries
Table 2
Frequency and percentage distribution of respondents practicing higher-risk sexual behavior from the country-specific pooled dataset (periods 1–3).
| | Country | Ghana | Kenya | Lesotho | Malawi | Namibia | Nigeria | Rwanda |
| | Age (mean ± SD) | 35.08 (10.90) | 32.63 (9.68) | 32.00 (9.47) | 31.70 (9.23) | 30.66 (10.12) | 35.45 (9.68) | 35.77 (10.53) |
| | Age group | | 15–19 | 97 (5.93) | 130 (4.50) | 131 (5.24) | 203 (3.06) | 68 (2.20) | 150 (2.00) | 18 (2.02) | | 20–24 | 186 (5.14) | 263 (3.80) | 264 (6.14) | 295 (2.28) | 138 (2.55) | 410 (2.90) | 73 (1.57) | | 25–29 | 259 (5.97) | 313 (4.06) | 279 (7.44) | 310 (2.63) | 129 (2.57) | 571 (3.30) | 126 (1.81) | | 30–34 | 229 (6.00) | 316 (4.91) | 304 (9.86) | 355 (3.74) | 98 (2.23) | 575 (4.06) | 137 (2.12) | | 35–39 | 214 (6.13) | 272 (5.36) | 211 (8.62) | 252 (3.38) | 64 (1.92) | 653 (5.30) | 78 (1.66) | | 40–44 | 179 (6.40) | 182 (4.57) | 172 (8.67) | 189 (3.67) | 57 (2.08) | 627 (6.61) | 72 (1.94) | | 45–49 | 143 (6.28) | 134 (4.79) | 141 (8.59) | 155 (3.95) | 36 (1.93) | 604 (7.31) | 77 (2.64) | | 50–54 | 116 (14.89) | 111 (10.5) | 26 (10.10) | 82 (10.44) | 18 (7.06) | 121 (12.47) | 51 (5.51) | | 55–59 | 78 (15.54) | | 22 (10.11) | | 8 (4.22) | 110 (15.59) | 36 (5.75) |
| | Sex | | Male | 1316 (13.85) | 1406 (9.57) | 607 (12.81) | 1425 (10.46) | 426 (5.06) | 3157 (13.3) | 531 (5.12) | | Female | 184 (1.34) | 315 (1.42) | 943 (6.11) | 415 (0.93) | 197 (1.09) | 665 (1.09) | 136 (0.64) | | Religion | | Christian | 929 (6.03) | 1445 (4.36) | 1483 (7.57) | 1443 (2.9) | 488 (2.47) | 3597 (4.54) | 617 (2.02) | | Islam | 211 (6.1) | 140 (5.96) | 1 (1.33) | 312 (4.19) | Na | 188 (3.74) | 23 (3.58) | | Traditional | 194 (7.31) | Na | Na | Na | Na | 7 (8.43) | 8 (4.32) | | No religion | 31 (7.45) | 125 (10.86) | 49 (14.69) | 77 (10.16) | 68 (1.45) | Na | 16 (7.08) | | Others | 56 (10.02) | 0 (0.00) | 16 (8.76) | 2 (4.36) | 4 (4.68) | 0 (0) | 4 (3.20) |
| | Marital status | | Never married | 330 (7.17) | 310 (4.76) | 284 (5.92) | 251 (4.52) | 282 (2.22) | 729 (6.03) | 73 (2.90) | | Married | 883 (6.23) | 1199 (4.61) | 1073 (8.26) | 1358 (3.07) | 150 (2.14) | 2875 (4.16) | 276 (1.49) | | Cohabiting | 185 (5.98) | 69 (3.68) | 27 (12.53) | 117 (2.69) | 143 (2.67) | 93 (4.94) | 257 (2.79) | | Widowed | 9 (5.04) | 23 (4.31) | 86 (7.24) | 18 (2.96) | 2 (0.81) | 24 (3.91) | 8 (2.09) | | Divorced | 35 (7.70) | 21 (4.75) | 17 (8.66) | 52 (3.17) | 6 (3.37) | 32 (6.01) | 32 (6.83) | | Separated | 58 (8.07) | 99 (6.71) | 63 (7.93) | 44 (2.52) | 39 (4.64) | 69 (10.12) | 22 (3.25) |
| | Education | | No education | 218 (4.59) | 122 (4.5) | 122 (14.64) | 182 (2.08) | 99 (4.48) | 1107 (3.46) | 112 (1.81) | | Primary | 225 (5.74) | 943 (4.81) | 910 (9.18) | 1222 (3.34) | 189 (2.83) | 881 (5.29) | 483 (2.24) | | Secondary | 921 (7.12) | 460 (4.43) | 454 (5.58) | 387 (3.41) | 287 (1.87) | 1407 (5.20) | 62 (1.83) | | Higher | 137 (8.34) | 197 (4.73) | 64 (4.89) | 48 (3.34) | 47 (2.21) | 428 (4.65) | 10 (1.53) |
| | Employment status | | Not working | 129 (4.10) | 185 (2.12) | 645 (6.21) | 321 (1.67) | 260 (2.08) | 464 (2.01) | 85 (1.48) | | Working | 1371 (6.83) | 1533 (5.45) | 904 (9.23) | 1518 (3.91) | 361 (2.63) | 3349 (5.46) | 581 (2.24) |
| | Wealth index | | Poorest | 223 (6.03) | 298 (5.4) | 306 (10.73) | 305 (2.99) | 62 (2.16) | 819 (4.85) | 110 (1.85) | | Poorer | 238 (5.67) | 280 (4.4) | 333 (9.66) | 382 (3.29) | 72 (2.31) | 783 (4.78) | 155 (2.48) | | Middle | 315 (6.79) | 296 (4.31) | 293 (7.87) | 390 (3.31) | 77 (1.94) | 693 (4.51) | 144 (2.23) | | Richer | 345 (6.64) | 380 (4.64) | 306 (6.43) | 388 (3.35) | 86 (1.79) | 761 (4.51) | 123 (1.90) | | Richest | 380 (6.89) | 466 (4.7) | 312 (5.77) | 375 (2.9) | 75 (1.65) | 765 (3.96) | 135 (2.04) |
| | Residence | | Rural | 779 (6.48) | 1036 (4.40) | 1187 (8.58) | 1558 (3.27) | 314 (2.52) | 2623 (4.89) | 554 (2.09) | | Urban | 721 (6.43) | 685 (5.16) | 363 (5.72) | 281 (2.71) | 309 (2.22) | 1199 (3.84) | 114 (2.17) |
| | Resides with spouse/partner | | No | 139 (4.59) | 198 (3.74) | 463 (8.81) | 80 (1.75) | 41 (1.90) | 164 (2.80) | 24 (1.33) | | Yes | 626 (5.21) | 900 (4.24) | 644 (8.00) | 1195 (2.86) | 170 (1.76) | 2608 (4.12) | 395 (1.69) |
| | First sex | | Above 18 years | 264 (5.88) | 504 (2.93) | 743 (6.75) | 749 (2.78) | 230 (1.66) | 2677 (4.35) | 474 (1.72) | | Below 18 years | 180 (6.80) | 1217 (6.19) | 792 (8.80) | 1089 (3.5) | 388 (3.14) | 1134 (4.91) | 194 (4.55) |
| | Circumcision | | No | Na | 115 (12.71) | 156 (9.81) | 816 (9.99) | 172 (3.90) | 20 (12.86) | 329 (5.32) | | Yes | Na | 993 (9) | 455 (14.32) | 366 (12.73) | 77 (4.72) | 2877 (13.08) | 75 (5.15) |
| | Knows HIV status | | No | 390 (6.24) | 666 (5.3) | 682 (9.39) | 665 (3.77) | 337 (3.25) | 2989 (4.83) | 170 (2.26) | | Yes | 52 (6.32) | 1049 (4.36) | 791 (6.48) | 1175 (2.92) | 281 (1.78) | 772 (3.74) | 498 (2.06) |
| | Heard about AIDS | | No | 3 (4.08) | 2 (1.46) | 69 (11.11) | 4 (0.66) | 1 (0.45) | 122 (1.84) | 0 (0.00) | | Yes | 443 (6.24) | 1719 (4.68) | 1480 (7.57) | 1835 (3.19) | 622 (2.37) | 3700 (4.73) | 668 (2.10) |
| | Comprehensive knowledge | | No | 321 (6.13) | 880 (4.52) | 1139 (8.55) | 1005 (2.89) | 420 (2.79) | 2684 (4.35) | 255 (2.11) | | Yes | 124 (6.49) | 841 (4.84) | 411 (5.99) | 834 (3.58) | 202 (1.79) | 1138 (4.90) | 412 (2.09) |
| | Reads newspaper/magazine | | No | 245 (4.92) | 712 (3.83) | 1124 (8.29) | 1098 (2.67) | 335 (3.17) | 2393 (3.89) | 483 (2.02) | | Yes | 200 (9.18) | 1008 (5.53) | 426 (6.44) | 740 (4.36) | 282 (1.79) | 1404 (6.13) | 183 (2.35) |
| | Listens to radio | | No | 16 (2.93) | 129 (3.17) | 465 (8.74) | 342 (2.02) | 73 (2.13) | 621 (2.71) | 54 (1.40) | | Yes | 428 (6.48) | 1591 (4.85) | 1085 (7.3) | 1495 (3.63) | 549 (2.40) | 3187 (5.17) | 613 (2.20) |
| | Watches television | | No | 132 (5.05) | 566 (3.63) | 1025 (8.04) | 1101 (2.57) | 282 (2.38) | 1594 (4.03) | 390 (1.83) | | Yes | 313 (6.90) | 1155 (5.44) | 525 (7.07) | 737 (4.85) | 340 (2.34) | 2212 (4.91) | 277 (2.64) |
| | Variable | | | | | | Country | Uganda | Zambia | Zimbabwe | | | | | | Age (mean ± SD) | 32.21 (9.65) | 32.88 (10.41) | 32.26 (9.07) | | | | |
| | Age group | | | | | | 15–19 | 181 (4.86) | 313 (6.8) | 92 (3.20) | | | | | | 20–24 | 369 (5.13) | 425 (5.77) | 315 (4.71) | | | | | | 25–29 | 395 (5.87) | 528 (6.63) | 397 (5.55) | | | | | | 30–34 | 409 (7.25) | 536 (7.64) | 365 (5.71) | | | | | | 35–39 | 300 (6.94) | 465 (8.41) | 279 (5.78) | | | | | | 40–44 | 249 (7.57) | 348 (8.53) | 185 (5.23) | | | | | | 45–49 | 162 (7.33) | 219 (7.61) | 136 (5.49) | | | | | | 50–54 | 118 (24.75) | 152 (14.72) | 91 (9.47) | | | | | | 55–59 | | 91 (12.41) | | | | | |
| | Sex | | | | | | Male | 1639 (22.01) | 2699 (15.13) | 1705 (10.9) | | | | | | Female | 544 (2.08) | 377 (1.61) | 155 (0.80) | | | | |
| | Religion | | | | | | Christian | 1697 (6.36) | 2965 (7.36) | 1255 (4.43) | | | | | | Islam | 363 (8.39) | 22 (8.68) | 21 (8.91) | | | | | | Traditional | Na | Na | 120 (10.21) | | | | | | No religion | Na | 13 (12.48) | 464 (9.00) | | | | | | Others | 21 (5.8) | 2 (6.96) | 1 (2.89) | | | | |
| | Marital status | | | | | | Never married | 247 (6.18) | 624 (8.94) | 200 (4.44) | | | | | | Married | 1123 (6.86) | 2252 (7.21) | 1526 (5.67) | | | | | | Cohabiting | 606 (5.89) | 25 (7.62) | 53 (5.37) | | | | | | Widowed | 23 (5.18) | 19 (3.5) | 11 (1.79) | | | | | | Divorced | 5 (2.94) | 105 (7.35) | 36 (3.76) | | | | | | Separated | 178 (7.81) | 52 (7.45) | 34 (3.74) | | | | |
| | Educational level | | | | | | No education | 130 (3.28) | 159 (4.70) | 28 (3.89) | | | | | | Primary | 1375 (6.99) | 1555 (7.47) | 494 (4.92) | | | | | | Secondary | 508 (6.90) | 1199 (8.34) | 1182 (5.47) | | | | | | Higher | 170 (6.58) | 163 (6.26) | 156 (6.09) | | | | |
| | Employment status | | | | | | Not working | 142 (2.51) | 516 (3.88) | 433 (2.88) | | | | | | Working | 2041 (7.32) | 2556 (9.19) | 1427 (7.18) | | | | |
| | Wealth index | | | | | | Poorest | 337 (5.69) | 505 (8.23) | 341 (5.56) | | | | | | Poorer | 401 (6.27) | 525 (8.24) | 325 (5.27) | | | | | | Middle | 447 (6.96) | 593 (8.91) | 336 (5.49) | | | | | | Richer | 516 (7.65) | 580 (7.82) | 461 (5.45) | | | | | | Richest | 482 (5.96) | 418 (5.84) | 397 (4.94) | | | | |
| | Residence | | | | | | Rural | 1749 (6.66) | 2035 (8.32) | 1165 (5.31) | | | | | | Urban | 434 (5.92) | 1041 (6.22) | 695 (5.35) | | | | |
| | Resides with spouse/partner | | | | | | No | 167 (4.63) | 87 (5.05) | 179 (3.54) | | | | | | Yes | 1565 (6.77) | 1923 (6.83) | 1371 (6.14) | | | | |
| | First sex | | | | | | Above 18 years | 836 (6.12) | 1166 (5.63) | 1080 (5.05) | | | | | | Below 18 years | 1346 (6.76) | 1909 (9.33) | 762 (5.77) | | | | |
| | Circumcision | | | | | | No | 996 (21.25) | 1955 (14.91) | 1486 (10.77) | | | | | | Yes | 646 (23.31) | 426 (13.9) | 218 (11.83) | | | | |
| | Knows HIV status | | | | | | No | 708 (8.13) | 1435 (8.12) | 878 (6.16) | | | | | | Yes | 1475 (5.93) | 1637 (6.99) | 981 (4.79) | | | | |
| | Heard about AIDS | | | | | | No | 2 (3.36) | 12 (7.15) | 6 (1.68) | | | | | | Yes | 2181 (6.51) | 3065 (7.47) | 1854 (5.36) | | | | |
| | Comprehensive knowledge | | | | | | No | 1155 (6.42) | 1923 (7.22) | 821 (5.17) | | | | | | Yes | 1028 (6.60) | 1154 (7.92) | 1039 (5.46) | | | | |
| | Reads newspaper/magazine | | | | | | No | 1422 (5.77) | 1691 (6.61) | 719 (4.17) | | | | | | Yes | 756 (8.49) | 1379 (8.88) | 1141 (6.46) | | | | |
| | Listens to radio | | | | | | No | 244 (4.04) | 644 (5.44) | 473 (3.87) | | | | | | Yes | 1939 (7.04) | 2428 (8.28) | 1386 (6.12) | | | | |
| | Watches television | | | | | | No | 1227 (5.26) | 1575 (6.76) | 757 (4.38) | | | | | | Yes | 956 (9.31) | 1501 (8.40) | 1103 (6.26) | | | | |
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Na, not available. Frequency and percentages are survey weighted.
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