Scientifica

Research Article

Determinants of Higher-Risk Sexual Behavior in Some Selected African Countries

Table 4

Adjusted hazard ratio of respondents practicing H-RSB from country specific pooled dataset.
CountryGhanaKenyaLesothoMalawiNamibiaNigeriaRwanda
VariablesAdjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)
Age group
 15–191.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 20–240.46 (0.22–1.00)1.30 (0.96–1.77)1.41 (0.93–2.15)0.67 (0.44–1.01)2.07 (1.41–3.04)1.05 (0.6–1.85)0.32 (0.1–0.96)
 25–290.56 (0.28–1.12)1.20 (0.84–1.7)2.04 (1.36–3.07)0.64 (0.43–0.96)2.02 (1.35–3.02)1.10 (0.65–1.89)0.41 (0.14–1.2)
 30–340.52 (0.26–1.05)1.26 (0.88–1.81)2.48 (1.65–3.74)0.84 (0.57–1.26)1.78 (1.14–2.76)1.40 (0.82–2.38)0.56 (0.19–1.63)
 35–390.53 (0.26–1.06)1.29 (0.89–1.87)2.19 (1.44–3.33)0.68 (0.45–1.02)1.46 (0.9–2.36)1.73 (1.02–2.94)0.47 (0.16–1.4)
 40–440.56 (0.28–1.12)1.04 (0.72–1.51)2.15 (1.41–3.28)0.73 (0.48–1.11)1.48 (0.89–2.45)2.00 (1.18–3.4)0.48 (0.16–1.43)
 45–490.56 (0.27–1.12)1.13 (0.77–1.67)2.1 (1.36–3.26)0.82 (0.53–1.27)1.40 (0.82–2.36)2.16 (1.27–3.65)0.59 (0.19–1.77)
 50–540.66 (0.32–1.35)1.20 (0.81–1.79)1.30 (0.71–2.38)0.61 (0.38–0.99)2.28 (1.21–4.31)1.92 (1.1–3.36)0.58 (0.19–1.75)
 55–590.60 (0.29–1.25) 1.41 (0.76–2.64) 1.25 (0.43–3.65)2.30 (1.31–4.02)0.63 (0.21–1.94)
 60–64    2.65 (0.6–11.64)  
Sex
 Male1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Female0.01 (0–0.04)0.21 (0.16–0.27)0.42 (0.32–0.55)0.04 (0.01–0.22)0.20 (0.14–0.28)0.05 (0.03–0.08)0.06 (0.05–0.09)
Religion
 Christians1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Islam0.85 (0.67–1.08)1.52 (1.22–1.91)0.32 (0.06–1.62)1.41 (1.13–1.75) 0.90 (0.65–1.24)1.24 (0.68–2.23)
 Traditional1.16 (0.93–1.44) 1.02 (0.7–1.51)1.59 (1.12–2.24) 3.25 (0.45–23.33)1.15 (0.42–3.16)
 No religion0 (0–0)1.81 (1.45–2.24)1.54 (0.9–2.63) 0.74 (0.51–1.06) 2.05 (1.03–4.05)
 Other religion1.62 (1.2–2.2)   1.75 (0.75–4.06) 0.95 (0.22–4.17)
Marital status
 Never married 1.00 (reference)  1.00 (reference)  
 Married1.00 (reference)2.33 (1.81–2.98)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.46 (1.1–1.95)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Cohabiting1.46 (1.16–1.83)2.71 (1.79–4.09)1.36 (0.9–2.06)0.94 (0.75–1.18)1.73 (1.31–2.29)1.13 (0.89–1.44)2.18 (1.76–2.69)
 Widowed 1.77 (1.04–3)  0.44 (0.12–1.62)  
 Divorced 1.41 (0.85–2.34)  1.76 (0.63–4.89)  
 Separated 2.71 (1.91–3.83)  2.13 (1.36–3.34)  
Educational level
 No education1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Primary1.17 (0.89–1.53)0.85 (0.68–1.06)1.03 (0.8–1.32)1.11 (0.88–1.42)0.80 (0.6–1.08)0.96 (0.86–1.09)1.07 (0.82–1.41)
 Secondary1.08 (0.84–1.4)0.74 (0.57–0.97)0.92 (0.69–1.24)0.89 (0.66–1.21)0.62 (0.45–0.86)0.96 (0.84–1.1)0.84 (0.53–1.32)
 Higher0.73 (0.49–1.1)0.81 (0.59–1.12)0.76 (0.47–1.23)0.67 (0.36–1.25)0.79 (0.49–1.27)0.70 (0.58–0.86)0.68 (0.27–1.72)
Employment status
 Not working1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Working0.98 (0.6–1.59)1.51 (1.2–1.9)1.32 (1.15–1.52)1.17 (0.92–1.48)1.29 (1.04–1.61)1.12 (0.93–1.34)1.05 (0.62–1.77)
Wealth index
 Poorest1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Poorer1.02 (0.78–1.33)0.82 (0.68–0.99)0.91 (0.75–1.1)1.06 (0.85–1.31) 0.92 (0.82–1.03)1.42 (1.02–1.98)
 Middle1.18 (0.87–1.59)0.84 (0.7–1.02)0.71 (0.57–0.87)1.02 (0.83–1.26) 0.76 (0.66–0.87)1.35 (0.97–1.88)
 Richer1.29 (0.91–1.82)0.87 (0.7–1.06)0.64 (0.51–0.81)1.08 (0.86–1.35) 0.73 (0.62–0.86)1.14 (0.81–1.61)
 Richest1.62 (1.11–2.36)0.92 (0.72–1.17)0.62 (0.46–0.85)1.09 (0.85–1.41) 0.65 (0.53–0.79)1.25 (0.84–1.86)
Residence
 Rural1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Urban0.79 (0.63–1)1.15 (0.99–1.34)0.88 (0.71–1.09)0.75 (0.58–0.96)1.02 (0.82–1.28)0.80 (0.72–0.90)1.03 (0.76–1.4)
Resides with spouse/partner
 No1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Yes0.9 (0.73–1.11)—0.79 (0.69–0.9)1.08 (0.81–1.43) 1.19 (1.01–1.41)0.76 (0.5–1.15)
First sex
 Above 18 years1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Below 18 years1.74 (1.47–2.06)2.15 (1.85–2.50)1.50 (1.31–1.72)1.46 (1.27–1.68)1.99 (1.62–2.44)1.55 (1.41–1.70)2.13 (1.69–2.67)
Circumcision
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)—
 Yes1.2 (0.84–1.71)0.72 (0.58–0.91)1.21 (0.91–1.59)1.04 (0.86–1.26)1.26 (0.89–1.79)1.23 (0.70–2.16) 
Knows HIV status
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Yes1.12 (0.92–1.37)1.08 (0.93–1.25)0.93 (0.79–1.1)1.01 (0.84–1.2) 0.86 (0.76–0.97)1.05 (0.72–1.52)
Heard about AIDS
 No1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)—
 Yes1.87 (0.55–6.35)—3.89 (0.58–26.11)1.74 (0.58–5.19)5.29 (0.75–37.45)1.35 (1.04–1.75) 
Comprehensive knowledge
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Yes0.96 (0.8–1.16)1.07 (0.92–1.24)0.90 (0.77–1.06)1.12 (0.98–1.29)1.21 (0.94–1.57)0.96 (0.88–1.05)1.04 (0.83–1.3)
Reads newspaper/magazine
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Yes1 (0.81–1.24)1.01 (0.88–1.16)0.99 (0.84–1.18)1.15 (0.98–1.34)0.74 (0.58–0.94)1.08 (0.96–1.21)1.09 (0.85–1.39)
Listens to radio
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Yes0.92 (0.63–1.35)1.05 (0.81–1.35)1.05 (0.89–1.23)1.14 (0.94–1.37)1.09 (0.80–1.48)1.01 (0.90–1.14)1.05 (0.69–1.6)
Watches television
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Yes1.06 (0.85–1.32)0.99 (0.86–1.15)1.15 (0.96–1.38)1.15 (0.99–1.34)1.01 (0.79–1.29)1.12 (0.99–1.25)1.08 (0.86–1.35)
Period
 One1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
 Two0.50 (0.24–1.10)0.50 (0.33–0.77)0.58 (0.47–0.72)0.92 (0.60–1.41)0.54 (0.37–0.80)0.84 (0.47–1.53)1.51 (0.74–3.09)
 Three0.71 (0.34–1.51)0.51 (0.33–0.80)0.54 (0.43–0.68)1.39 (0.90–2.14)0.56 (0.36–0.87)1.48 (0.81–2.67)1.48 (0.72–3.06)
CountryUgandaZambiaZimbabwe    
VariablesAdjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)Adjusted hazard ratio, aHR (95% CI)    
Age group    
 15–191.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 20–240.64 (0.45–0.92)0.76 (0.48–1.22)0.8 (0.48–1.35)    
 25–290.67 (0.48–0.95)0.91 (0.58–1.44)0.66 (0.40–1.10)    
 30–340.72 (0.51–1.02)0.89 (0.57–1.41)0.61 (0.37–1.02)    
 35–390.71 (0.5–1.01)0.96 (0.61–1.52)0.55 (0.33–0.91)    
 40–440.72 (0.5–1.02)0.89 (0.56–1.42)0.47 (0.28–0.78)    
 45–490.69 (0.48–1)0.82 (0.51–1.31)0.49 (0.29–0.83)    
 50–540.73 (0.5–1.07)0.88 (0.54–1.42)0.45 (0.26–0.78)    
 55–59 0.76 (0.46–1.25)     
Sex    
 Male1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Female0.04 (0.01–0.14)0.06 (0.05–0.08)0.04 (0.01–0.10)    
Religion    
 Christians1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)    
 Islam1.46 (1.25–1.7) 1.42 (0.85–2.37)    
 Traditional  1.29 (1.05–1.58)    
 No religion  1.16 (1.02–1.32)    
 Other religion1.01 (0.63–1.6) 0.42 (0.1–1.71)    
Marital status    
 Never married       
 Married1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Cohabiting1.25 (1.12–1.39)1.10 (0.7–1.73)1.25 (0.91–1.71)    
 Widowed       
 Divorced       
 Separated       
Educational level    
 No education1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Primary1.34 (1.08–1.68)1.16 (0.95–1.42)0.73 (0.48–1.11)    
 Secondary1.23 (0.96–1.57)1.17 (0.94–1.46)0.74 (0.48–1.13)    
 Higher1.02 (0.76–1.38)0.74 (0.54–1)0.71 (0.44–1.14)    
Employment status    
 Not working1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Working1.07 (0.82–1.39)0.98 (0.84–1.15)1.19 (1.03–1.37)    
Wealth index    
 Poorest1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)    
 Poorer1.03 (0.88–1.2) 0.98 (0.83–1.16)    
 Middle1.15 (0.98–1.35) 1.01 (0.85–1.21)    
 Richer1.17 (0.99–1.37) 0.83 (0.67–1.03)    
 Richest1.02 (0.84–1.24) 0.75 (0.57–0.99)    
Residence    
 Rural1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Urban0.83 (0.71–0.97)0.67 (0.59–0.77)1.09 (0.89–1.33)    
Resides with spouse/partner    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes1.16 (0.97–1.4)0.86 (0.67–1.1)1.05 (0.89–1.25)    
First sex    
 Above 18 years1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Below 18 years1.52 (1.38–1.67)1.48 (1.34–1.63)1.80 (1.61–2.01)    
Circumcision    
 No1.00 (reference)—1.00 (reference)    
 Yes0.94 (0.83–1.07) 1.12 (0.94–1.33)    
Knows HIV status    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes1 (0.89–1.13)0.98 (0.88–1.1)0.85 (0.75–0.97)    
Heard about AIDS    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes1.5 (0.41–5.43)0.61 (0.16–2.4)1.00 (0.42–2.39)    
Comprehensive knowledge    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes0.93 (0.84–1.03)1.05 (0.95–1.16)1.08 (0.97–1.21)    
Reads newspaper/magazine    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes1.05 (0.93–1.17)1.14 (1.02–1.29)1.17 (1.03–1.33)    
Listens to radio    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes1.06 (0.88–1.28)0.93 (0.82–1.05)1.05 (0.92–1.20)    
Watches television    
 No1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Yes1.24 (1.1–1.38)1.21 (1.08–1.35)1.14 (1.00–1.29)    
Period    
 One1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)    
 Two0.96 (0.83–1.12)0.60 (0.42–0.86)1.29 (1.11– 1.50)    
 Three1.04 (0.91–1.20)0.65 (0.45–0.95)1.73 (1.48– 2.02)    
. . . CI, confidence interval; P, probability value. values were calculated using Cox proportional hazard with constant time of weighted data.