Research Article
Temporomandibular Disorders among Dental Students in Pakistan: Assessment of Prevalence, Severity, and Associated Factors Based on Questionnaire
Table 4
Bivariate analysis: association of different factors with moderate/severe TMD among the study participants.
| Study variables | Unadjusted odds ratio (CI 95%) | value |
| Gender | | | Male | 1.05 (0.64, 1.73) | 0.841 | Female | Academic year | | | Preclinical years | 1.04 (0.61, 1.76) | 0.897 | Clinical years | Academic score in the previous year | | | High | 0.97 (0.59, 1.61) | 0.921 | Low | Father’s education level | | | No/school education | 2.76 (1.54, 4.94) | <0.001 | College/university education | Mother’s education level | | | No/school education | 2.33 (1.35, 4.01) | 0.002 | College/university education | Monthly family income | | | Low/middle | 1.95 (0.98, 3.88) | 0.055 | High | Psychological stress | | | Yes | 1.13 (0.64, 2.01) | 0.668 | No | Arthritis | | | Yes | 14.40 (3.99, 51.97) | <0.001 | No | Malocclusion | | | Yes | 6.06 (2.94, 12.48) | <0.001 | No | Orthodontic treatment | | | Yes | 3.08 (1.58, 6.01) | 0.001 | No |
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