Research Article

Temporomandibular Disorders among Dental Students in Pakistan: Assessment of Prevalence, Severity, and Associated Factors Based on Questionnaire

Table 4

Bivariate analysis: association of different factors with moderate/severe TMD among the study participants.

Study variablesUnadjusted odds ratio (CI 95%) value

Gender
 Male1.05 (0.64, 1.73)0.841
 Female
Academic year
Preclinical years1.04 (0.61, 1.76)0.897
 Clinical years
Academic score in the previous year
 High0.97 (0.59, 1.61)0.921
 Low
Father’s education level
 No/school education2.76 (1.54, 4.94)<0.001
 College/university education
Mother’s education level
 No/school education2.33 (1.35, 4.01)0.002
 College/university education
Monthly family income
 Low/middle1.95 (0.98, 3.88)0.055
 High
Psychological stress
 Yes1.13 (0.64, 2.01)0.668
 No
Arthritis
 Yes14.40 (3.99, 51.97)<0.001
 No
Malocclusion
 Yes6.06 (2.94, 12.48)<0.001
 No
Orthodontic treatment
 Yes3.08 (1.58, 6.01)0.001
 No