Security and Communication Networks

Research Article

Combinatorial Spectrum E-Auction for 5G Heterogeneous Networks: A Zether-Based Approach

Table 1

Features in different schemes: a comparative summary.


Schemes	Auction type	Cryptographic tools	Auction platform	Privacy	Scalability

THEMIS [4]	VCG	Paillier	Auctioneer	✓	×
PROST [5]	Double	Paillier + OT + GC	Auctioneer + agent	✓	×
ARMOR [6]	Combinatorial	Paillier + OPE + GC	Auctioneer + agent	✓	×
PS-TAHES [7]	Double	Paillier + OT + GC	Auctioneer + agent	✓	×
SLISA [13]	Double	Secret sharing + GC	Auctioneer + agent	✓	×
CREAM [8]	Single	N/A	Ethereum smart contract	×	×
Wang et al. [9]	Single	Paillier + SGX + PC	Ethereum smart contract	✓	×
SAFE [11]	Single	SGX + ZKCP	Ethereum smart contract	✓	×
Ours	Combinatorial	ElGamal + -Bullets	Account-based BC + ZSC	✓	✓

Here, “OT” stands for oblivious transfer. “OPE” is order-preserving encryption. “PC” means Pedersen commitment, and the “ZKCP” represents zero-knowledge contingent payment [14]. Account-based BC can be any blockchain platform operating under the account model, such as Ethereum, Fabric, and so on.