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| First-level indicator | Second-level indicator | Description of risk indicator |
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| Product selection management risk [4, 5, 12, 40, 42–44] | Product quality risk C1 | During the product selection process, the actual product cannot be seen, and the product can only be understood through the pictures, evaluations, introductions, and videos on the website; some speculative merchants who only pursue short-term benefits pretend to be shoddy and display high-quality products online; the products are actually fake and inferior, and the actual goods are completely different from the description |
| Product delivery risk C2 | After the products are purchased, the materials or products provided by the supplier may not be delivered on time, which may cause the delay or interruption of the domestic logistics of the supply chain |
| Intellectual property disputes risk C3 | Sometimes, the companies do not have a strong awareness of intellectual property rights and do not know much about overseas laws; infringed persons use e-commerce platforms to carry out phishing law enforcement, freeze the accounts of companies or clear their accounts, and put companies in a difficult position |
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| Cross-border transaction risk [1, 5, 40, 42–44] | Credit risk C4 | Transaction credit risk refers to the fact that cross-border e-commerce companies do not understand foreign consumers in the online transaction process, and it is difficult to grasp the transaction motives of foreign consumers, and transactions that violate the principle of good faith are likely to occur; dishonest behaviors cause “abortion” of transactions and bring losses to cross-border e-commerce companies |
| Information risk C5 | Information risk includes domestic supplier information risk and cyber security information risk |
| Capital settlement risk C6 | In the field of cross-border e-commerce, international payments are basically monopolized by international credit organizations and international payment companies, and their payment procedures are relatively expensive; most payment tools in China are not recognized by overseas users; cross-border payment channels are not smooth, cross-border e-commerce foreign exchange settlement is prone to problems, and corporate funds cannot be withdrawn, resulting in cross-border e-commerce companies operating difficulties |
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| Customs clearance risk [9, 40–42, 44, 45] | Customs clearance risk C7 | Includes customs clearance efficiency and cargo clearance rate; different customs locations have different customs clearance requirements, and goods may have slow customs clearance efficiency or noncustoms clearance |
| Customs declaration risk C8 | Some cross-border e-commerce companies have special circumstances such as high market value of goods; in order to reduce tariffs, false declarations of goods and goods weight, virtual logistics prices, virtual consignees and consignees, or split declarations |
| Taxation risk C9 | Taxation risks include tax system risks, tax source supervision risks, and tax enforcement risks |
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| Logistics risk [1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 40–45] | Logistics timeliness risk C10 | Cross-border logistics transportation takes a long time and long distances; due to transportation delays, customs clearance delays, delivery delays, etc., the logistics timeliness will be affected, and customers will not be able to sign for a long time, affecting corporate reputation and payment |
| Logistics information risk C11 | In the process of cross-border logistics information transmission, information errors may occur or it is difficult to achieve real-time tracking |
| Logistics damage risk C12 | In the process of cross-border transportation of cross-border goods, the goods are damaged or lost, which prevents the goods from reaching overseas consumers in a timely and safe manner |
| Logistics interruption risk C13 | Due to force majeure and other reasons, such as wars and epidemics, there is a risk of interruption of cross-border logistics and transportation |
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| Environmental risk [1, 4, 6–8, 10–12, 41, 44, 46] | Natural environment risk C14 | Natural disasters, environmental issues, disease outbreaks, and other risks may suddenly occur in the natural environment, such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 and the earthquake in Japan |
| Economic environment risk C15 | Economic environment risks will have large fluctuations in the market economy and real-time changes in exchange rates and interest rates, such as the Sino-US trade conflict |
| Industry policy environmental risks C16 | The cross-border e-commerce industry has changed greatly, and national economic policies are constantly changing; fluctuations in market demand and changes in the market scale will affect the economic benefits of enterprises; the faster the development, the fierce the competition in the industry and unpredictable the development prospects of the industry, and there will be certain risks for cross-border e-commerce companies |
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