[Retracted] A Review of Motion Vector-Based Video Steganography

Table 1

Advantages and disadvantages of video steganography with different embedding domains.

Embedding domain	Cover	Embedding technology	Advantages	Disadvantages
Spatial domain	Pixels, transform domain coefficients	Modifies pixel or transform domain coefficients.	Independent of coding, can use research results from image steganography.	Distortion exists after compression.
Compressed domain	MV	Modify the horizontal or vertical component of the MV.	High embedding capacity, high visual quality, and no distortion drift.	Higher complexity.
	Intraframe prediction modes	Establishing the mapping relationship between intraframe prediction modes and secret message.	Lower complexity.	Usually used only in I-frames, lower embedding capacity, distortion drift.
	Interframe prediction modes	Establishing the mapping relationship between interframe prediction modes and secret message.	Embedding message in P-frames or B-frames.	Distortion drift.
	Transform domain coefficients	Modify the quantized DCT (discrete cosine transform) coefficients.	Can use research results from JPEG image steganography.	Low embedding capacity, distortion drift.
	Entropy coding coefficients	Modify the entropy coding coefficients.	Lower complexity, lower bit rate increment.	Low embedding capacity.