[Retracted] A Review of Motion Vector-Based Video Steganography

Table 3

Comparisons of typical algorithms based on local optimality.

Algorithms	Motivation	Distortion calculation	Codes	Against features
Cao et al. [61]	Uncertainty of the surrounding SAD matrix at the decoder	1-distance optimal neighbor	STC + WPC	AoSO
Cao et al. [62]	ME’s uncertainty	The degree of ME’s uncertainty	STC	AoSO
Zhang et al. [26]	Uncertainty of the surrounding SAD matrix at the decoder	The difference of Lagrangian rate distortion between original and modified MVs	STC	AoSO, SPOM [63], MVRB [51]