[Retracted] A Review of Motion Vector-Based Video Steganography

Table 4

Comparison of distortion function considering multiple factors.

Algorithms	Factors to consider	Whether to consider variable size macroblock partition	Against features
Wang et al. [64]	Motion characteristics of video content, local optimality, statistical distribution	No	AoSO, MVRBR
Zhu et al. [66]	MV distribution correlation, local optimality, reconstructed frame distortion	No	NPELO
Ghamsarian et al. [67]	Statistical properties of intraframe, statistical properties of interframe, cover order, local optimality	Yes	AoSO, MVRB, NPELO
Liu et al. [27]	Consistency, statistical complexity, local optimality	Yes	NPELO, MVC
Li et al. [68]	Statistical complexity, local optimality, consistency	Yes	NPELO, MVC, CCF [56]