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| Author(s) | Journal details, year of publication | Description and findings | Issues and identification of research avenue |
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| Subha [9] | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2012 | Dataset contains thirty males and females above 50 years, with and without diabetes. Authors applied unpaired T-test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS to find the correlation between age, sex, diabetes, HbA1C level, and cognitive status. The 3MS-MMSE test was also conducted | SPSS lacking efficient handling of regression data. Data analytics is limited.
Appropriate machine learning algorithm would support efficient data analytics |
| Arevalo-Rodriguez et al. [10] | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015 | 1569 MCI patients are considered in the case study. The authors assessed Alzheimer’s, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, and front to temporal dementia among the patients. They used QUADAS -2 tool and search methods in their research. Finally, an MMSE test was conducted to diagnose whether MCI advanced to dementia or Alzheimer's | Early diagnose of MCI would help to prevent the disease |
| Park et al. [11] | NPJ Digital Medicine, 2020 | Korean national health insurance service data between the year 2002 and 2010 with persons age >65 was used in their research proposal. It includes 4,894 clinical features which includes laboratory values, medication codes, ICD-10 codes, history of illness of the person and his family, and sociodemographics. The authors developed RF algorithm, SVM, and logistic regression models for performance comparison. MMSE test was applied to find the severity of Alzheimer's disease | There exists + ve correlation among level of urine protein and alzheimer incident. Tolfenamic acid and zotepine positively correlated with incident AD. Nicametate citrate, was negatively associated with incident AD |
| Alencar et al. [12] | Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, 2010 | Total of 346 outpatients with type 2 diabetes which includes 216 females of average age 58.6 ± 12 is considered for the case study. Authors conducted ANOVA test, ANCOVA test with important features such as diabetes, glycemic control, A1C, drugs used by patients, and smoking | It is perceived that the duration of disease has a direct association with a decline in cognition |
| Zhao et al. [13] | BMC Endocrine Disorders, 2020 | The authors conducted a cohort study among type 2 diabetes patients with age >55 years. The data set is divided into three groups with reference to the level of HbA1C : HbA1c < 7.7%, HbA1c between 7.8% and 8%, and HbA1c greater than 8%. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was done to find the correlation between the level of HbA1C and cognitive decline | It is noted that HbA1c greater than 8% is an important factor to determine the level of cognitive decline |
| Moore et al. [14] | PLoS One, 2019 | The data set of TADPOLE grand challenge in association with ADNI is taken in their case study. ADAS-13 score and normalized ventricles volume were used to analyze the severity of the Alzheimer's disease. The random forest model is simulated in their study. | The outcome of the model was effective and comparable with other methods. However, image processing adds overhead. |
| Altaf et al. [15] | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2018 | Clinical data and MR imaging available in Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) dataset is analyzed using a multiclass classification algorithm. MMSE test is included finally. | The images are classified into three different classes: AD, normal, and MCI. Overhead due to image processing needs to be addressed. |
| Exalto et al. [16] | Alzheimer's Dement, 2014 | Retrospective cohort study was conducted among 9480 Kaiser Permanente members from 1964 to 1973 of age 40–55(CAIDE). The midlife vascular risk factors are analyzed using C statistic and Kaplan–Meier estimates to predict dementia | The disease prevention strategies need to pinpoint life course perspective on maintaining vascular health |
| Matioli et al. [17] | Dement Neuropsychol, 2017 | Brazilian aging brain study group between 2004 and 2015 containing 1,037 subjects with diabetes mellitus is considered. Multivariate logistic regression algorithm is used to analyze diabetes. Neuropathological examination is done using immunohistochemistry to identify vascular dementia (VaD) and AD. The CDR value and IQCODE is used as reference metrics | The large clinic pathological study results have shown that diabetes was not directly associated with dementia |
| Cholerton et al. [18] | Diabetes Spectrum 2016 | The level of cognitive decline in older adults with type 2 diabetes is analyzed using preclinical pathophysiological processes | Detected and focused pathological changes in early stages due to type 2 diabetes which cause dementia in later stage |
| Shaji et al. [19] | Indian J Psychiatry, 2010 | Dementia aging, mental health issue, and other late life issues were carefully reviewed in Indian Journal of Psychiatry (IJP) from 1958 to 2009. The authors categorized their review as editorials, research reports, and other articles. They used search strategies to accomplish the task | The authors identified the various key risk factors which cause depression and dementia |
| Lee 2020 [20] | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2020 | A subsample of more than 3,000 respondents aged 60 and higher from LASI- the longitudinal aging study in India is considered. LASI is a nationwide health survey which is conducted among people aged 45 to review their social and economic well‐being | Disability assessment for dementia is analyzed using the depth of late‐life cognition |
| Cunningham et al. [21] | Ulster med J, 2015 | 19,765 people from northern Ireland were analyzed for VD, AD, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal lobar dementia | Advanced cognitive decline, pathophysiological processes, and biomarkers are explored in their study. Application of cognitive decline test would give more insights |
| Thunell et al. [22] | The Journal of the Alzheimer’s association, 2021 | The authors included 29 drug classes span of 11 therapeutic areas and 404 human studies. They applied drug therapy to find drug classes related to increasing or declining ADRD risk (Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias) | Among 13 drug classes, 50% or more reported consistent effects on the risk of ADRD |
| Hane et al. [23] | Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2017 | The authors reviewed more than 300 prominent AD research proposals. They divided the work into three parts detailed as Part 1 represents pathogenesis on a molecular and macroscale, part 2 represents genetics and epidemiology, and part 3 includes diagnosis and cure. They applied MMSE and MoCA tests | The medical imaging techniques consider pathogenesis and genetics to identify the risk associated with Alzheimer's disease |
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