| | Works | NTT | Point-wise multiplication | Inverse NTT | NTT-based multiplication |
| | Reference code Crystals-Dilithium | 3,966 (−) | 264 (−) | 5,677 (−) | 9,907 (−) | | Our work | 1,128 (+251%) | 219 (+20%) | 1,403 (+304%) | 2,750 (+260%) | | Works | Security level | KeyGen | Sign | Verify | | Reference code Falcon | Level-1 | 21,159,212 | 864,183 | 6,546 | | Reference code Crystals-Dilithium | Level-2 | 136,992 (−) | 750,998 (−) | 150,687 (−) | | Our work | 98,972 (+38.41%) | 390,918 (+92.11%) | 105,367 (+42.99%) | | Reference code Crystals-Dilithium | Level-3 | 253,395 (−) | 1,257,304 (−) | 255,421 (−) | | Our work | 176,174 (+43.83%) | 589,567 (+113.25%) | 179,971 (+41.92%) | | Reference code Crystals-Dilithium | Level-5 | 356,908 (−) | 1,439,069 (−) | 388,523 (−) | | Reference code Falcon | 64,084,086 | 1,724,079 | 13,265 | | Our work | 286,684 (+24.49%) | 711,549 (+102.24%) | 307,115 (+26.51%) |
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