Cryptographic Accumulator and Its Application: A Survey

Table 1

Characteristics of the cryptographic accumulator.

Characteristics
Dynamic [2]	The cryptographic accumulator has efficient algorithms for adding, deleting, witnessing, and updating elements.
Robustness [1]	The administrator of the cryptographic accumulator does not need to be trusted, and trapdoor information cannot be used to forge witnesses.
Universality [3]	The cryptographic accumulator can provide not only membership proof but also nonmembership proof.
Security assumption [4]	Under the premise of security assumption declaration, the member verification function of the cryptographic accumulator is not affected by attackers.
Compactness [5]	The cryptographic accumulator can map a large set to accumulation value of a smaller order of magnitude, which is manifested by the small storage space required for accumulated value and witness, as well as the low time complexity of updating algorithm.