Design of a Blockchain-Based Traceability System with a Privacy-Preserving Scheme of Zero-Knowledge Proof

Table 1

Comparative of traceability systems.

	Traceability target	Attack resistance	Privacy protection	Data reliability	Traceability cost
Our approach	Privacy data/nonprivacy data	√	Certification + zero-knowledge proof	√	According to the contract consumption of calculation
Centralized	Nonprivacy data	x	Certification	x	Determined by the traceability system creator
Blockchain-based without privacy-preserving	Nonprivacy data	√	None	√	According to the contract consumption of calculation
Blockchain-based with privacy-preserving	Privacy data	√	Certification	√	According to the contract consumption of calculation