Security Threats to Voice Services in 5G Standalone Networks

Table 2

Summary of the related work.

Area	Network	Attack
Mobile networks	2G/GSM	Send spam messages [7]
		Get the phone numbers [8]
	3G/4G	Location privacy leakage [9–11]
		Downgrade to GSM [12, 13]
	5G SA	Identification attack [14, 15]
IMS-based voice services	4G	Speed up the battery consumption [2]
		DoS attacks [2, 3]
		Gain free data service [3]
		Caller spoofing attack [4]
	5G NSA	Eavesdropping [5]
		Charging avoidance attack [6]
SMS	2G/GSM	Spamming SMS [16–21]
	4G	SMS spoofing [22]