A Channel State Information-Based Key Generation Scheme for Internet of Things

<div>Combined scenario: BER performance at <svg height="9.25986pt" id="M514" style="vertical-align:-0.2455397pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.01432 12.496 9.25986" width="12.496pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M895 660C863 648 835 636 808 620C736 668 639 687 564 687C395 687 153 589 153 403C153 307 221 260 300 260C447 260 534 401 534 561H514C506 396 415 290 305 290C234 290 194 335 194 396C194 555 383 657 566 657C626 657 716 643 776 601C669 531 592 432 501 271C389 71 313 16 189 16C118 16 69 60 69 95H71C78 84 93 83 101 83C129 83 144 106 144 131C144 160 121 179 93 179C60 179 34 150 34 107C34 41 100 -15 207 -15C365 -15 509 76 621 311C626 300 647 292 668 292C675 292 701 294 717 298C752 278 763 243 763 203C763 140 734 78 685 49C666 38 647 34 624 34C596 34 574 55 574 82C574 127 623 171 679 176L675 199C586 184 537 132 537 67C537 32 567 -11 631 -11C672 -11 710 0 743 22C804 63 839 127 839 186C839 234 813 289 749 316V318C837 329 902 398 902 463C902 524 873 566 830 601C850 615 874 628 902 641L895 660ZM841 485C841 420 802 346 717 338C697 349 675 352 662 352C655 352 644 351 639 348C691 449 736 524 801 580C825 555 841 524 841 485Z"></path></g></svg> and <svg height="9.25986pt" id="M515" style="vertical-align:-0.2455397pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.01432 9.88621 9.25986" width="9.88621pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M421 658C372 683 338 687 289 687C174 687 100 624 100 549C100 458 196 404 336 401C341 401 342 386 347 381V379C196 347 110 258 110 154C110 43 211 -15 326 -15C463 -15 584 71 584 161C584 228 542 276 450 276C352 276 275 206 248 98L269 92C293 177 364 234 433 234C485 234 520 207 520 160C520 131 509 102 485 75C454 40 404 15 336 15C244 15 192 73 192 134C192 220 267 311 387 343C403 334 419 329 440 329C464 329 482 338 482 357C482 377 454 385 407 388C404 392 404 393 403 400C588 413 734 506 734 585C734 633 698 658 634 658C511 658 343 568 332 432C229 432 141 472 141 546C141 610 204 657 301 657C356 657 372 656 411 640L421 658ZM693 588C693 524 566 441 403 430C416 521 546 621 641 621C670 621 693 608 693 588Z"></path></g></svg> for imperfect channel estimation at <svg height="9.09021pt" id="M516" style="vertical-align:-0.2455397pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.84467 11.2563 9.09021" width="11.2563pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M837 672C829 675 822 674 813 674C710 674 608 541 510 398C475 447 422 480 349 480C260 480 162 415 162 299C162 199 212 133 284 92C229 39 191 15 134 15C91 15 69 45 69 65H71C78 54 95 53 100 53C128 53 143 80 143 101C143 128 121 149 93 149C60 149 31 121 31 77C31 24 74 -15 138 -15C198 -15 255 22 311 79C360 56 416 43 473 39L455 0H552L569 42C612 49 661 63 693 87L684 103C657 88 617 76 581 69C677 301 753 477 846 658L837 672ZM772 638C701 530 628 379 559 227C558 279 547 330 526 371C609 494 688 609 771 638H772ZM536 199C536 191 536 184 535 176L486 67C430 71 380 84 335 105C395 173 451 257 507 344C527 301 536 251 536 199ZM492 372C431 277 369 183 310 119C245 158 203 217 203 301S275 447 349 447C416 447 461 417 492 372Z"></path></g></svg> (<svg height="12.5794pt" id="M517" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 16.8356 12.5794" width="16.8356pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.15,3.132)"><path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.829,3.132)"><path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z"></path></g></svg> = 50 m, <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M518" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 16.3241 12.5794" width="16.3241pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.15,3.132)"><path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.829,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g></svg> = 49 m, <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M519" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 15.9952 12.5794" width="15.9952pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M530 686C535 705 530 712 521 712C504 712 448 684 359 674L358 648H393C437 648 439 646 429 593L400 435C372 447 345 448 332 448C286 448 194 414 144 373C68 311 23 203 23 111C23 26 57 -12 91 -12C120 -12 147 3 188 29C227 54 290 102 341 170H343L322 71C308 6 320 -12 341 -12C373 -12 442 27 501 96L485 120C455 91 422 67 408 67C401 67 401 76 404 91C440 294 479 473 530 686ZM387 375L355 241C326 187 200 53 142 53C126 53 109 73 109 130C109 217 154 337 218 381C240 396 265 404 297 404S372 390 387 375Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.15,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.99,3.132)"><path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z"></path></g></svg> = 1 m, and <svg height="8.68572pt" id="M520" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.95144 8.68572" width="9.95144pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z"></path></g></svg> (no. of transmissions) = 20). (a) BER performance for all combinations of <svg height="11.927pt" id="M521" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.4024 11.927" width="16.4024pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 0V24L339 665L311 657L43 24V0H600ZM497 50H107L303 539L497 50Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.958,3.132)"><path d="M636 22C611 29 589 38 560 74C536 104 518 134 495 173L430 300C518 328 592 392 592 492C592 555 563 594 528 618C491 643 435 650 377 650H140L131 618C222 610 223 601 208 518L137 136C121 43 116 40 27 32L18 0H295L300 32C212 40 206 42 223 138L248 279H296C334 279 350 272 369 230C393 174 413 140 441 94C482 24 523 1 626 -8L636 22ZM497 480C497 422 468 374 417 343C387 324 353 315 304 315H255L298 556C303 583 309 598 319 603C331 610 348 613 367 613C448 613 497 573 497 480Z"></path></g></svg> and <svg height="14.1649pt" id="M522" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.0096 14.1649" width="16.0096pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 0V24L339 665L311 657L43 24V0H600ZM497 50H107L303 539L497 50Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.958,3.132)"><path d="M569 272C569 396 502 451 440 451C377 451 308 398 280 296C262 229 239 121 223 41C163 58 116 110 116 203C116 313 187 386 283 428L269 460C133 413 24 332 24 189C24 85 87 3 215 -10C187 -153 174 -212 164 -249L173 -257C208 -253 245 -243 260 -214L295 -5C427 6 569 118 569 272ZM493 270C493 139 401 42 302 37L357 327C369 388 390 405 412 405C438 405 493 369 493 270Z"></path></g></svg> (SNR = 32 dBm). (b) Comparison between RSS-only, <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M523" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.69399 9.39034" width="7.69399pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M559 271C559 395 493 448 433 448C370 448 304 394 275 297C259 245 235 121 219 37C157 54 113 110 113 201C113 310 180 386 276 429L265 457C131 410 23 326 23 186C23 83 86 5 211 -10C180 -159 167 -220 158 -252L165 -261C198 -255 236 -246 251 -218L287 -5C421 9 559 119 559 271ZM484 273C484 144 400 40 293 33L352 331C364 389 382 406 405 406C431 406 484 370 484 273Z"></path></g></svg><svg height="9.39034pt" id="M524" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.69399 9.39034" width="7.69399pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M559 271C559 395 493 448 433 448C370 448 304 394 275 297C259 245 235 121 219 37C157 54 113 110 113 201C113 310 180 386 276 429L265 457C131 410 23 326 23 186C23 83 86 5 211 -10C180 -159 167 -220 158 -252L165 -261C198 -255 236 -246 251 -218L287 -5C421 9 559 119 559 271ZM484 273C484 144 400 40 293 33L352 331C364 389 382 406 405 406C431 406 484 370 484 273Z"></path></g></svg>-only, and combined scenarios (key length = 140 bits).</div>

Security and Communication Networks

fig12

Figure 12

Figure 12: A Channel State Information-Based Key Generation Scheme for Internet of Things 