Cyberattacks on Self-Driving Cars and Surgical and Eldercare Robots

Table 1

Weaknesses and enhancements in ROS.

Reference	ROS security issues	Enhancements
Application-level security for ROS-based applications [14]	Unauthorized nodes from recording data	Application-level security architecture
A preliminary cyber-physical security assessment of the robot operating system (ROS) [15]	Unauthorized publishing unauthorized use	Cyber-physical security “honeypot”
ROSploit: cybersecurity tool for ROS [16]	Cryptography issues in ROS	SROS
Cybersecurity in autonomous systems: hardening ROS using encrypted communications and semantic rules [17]	Cryptography issues in ROS	Encrypted communications
Secure and secret cooperation of robotic swarms by using Merkle trees [18]	Secure and secret robot	Merkle trees
Rosch: real-time scheduling framework for ROS [19]	ROS does not guarantee real-time performance	ROSCH
Detecting and mitigating robotic cybersecurity risks (IGI Global [20])	Eavesdropping	Data distribution service (DDS)