Cyberattacks on Self-Driving Cars and Surgical and Eldercare Robots

Table 2

Robots attacks and their prevention methods.

Reference	Robots	Attacks	Prevention method
Analyzing cyber physical threats on robotic platforms [5]	Surgical robots	DOS attack – integrity attacks	Providing an end-to-end encryption
Targeted attacks on teleoperated surgical robots [22]	Surgical robots	Injection of malicious control commands to the robot	Dynamic model-based detection and robot safety mechanisms
In the case of Raven-II surgical robots [23]	Surgical robots	Exploitation of ROS vulnerabilities and implement smart self-learning malware	Suggesting that the applications can be secured in the implementation phase
Cybersecurity issues in robotics [24]	Eldercare robots	Gaining control of the eldercare robot to monitor its user looking for data	Standardized operating system
Trajectory privacy attack on autonomous driving [30]	Self-driving cars	Trajectory privacy attack	—
Cybersecurity in autonomous cars [31]	Self-driving cars	OS upgrade attack	—
Risk and opportunity governance of autonomous cars [33]	Self-driving cars	Services attack	—
Contactless attacks against sensors of self-driving [34]	Self-driving cars	Sensor attacks	Software and hardware countermeasures that will improve sensor resilience against these attacks