[Retracted] Blockchain in Secure Healthcare Systems: State of the Art, Limitations, and Future Directions

Table 1

Domain in healthcare, existing problems, and blockchain-based solutions.

Domain in healthcare	Existing problems	Blockchain-based solutions
Patient record management	(i) Lack of access to complete medical records; (ii) Ownership issues	(i) Providing access to complete medical records; (ii) Restricting the same diagnostic tests from being repeated; (iii) Allowing new doctors to learn about past patients’ histories
Maintaining consistent permission	(i) Accessing data takes a lot of time; (ii) Permissions are not consistent	(i) Access to the data is done on fast-track basis; (ii) Permissions are managed securely; (iii) Minimizing the amount of time it takes to obtain patient information
Billing system	(i) System is not transparent; (ii) Takes a lot of time and resources	(i) The billing system is secure and transparent; (ii) Using less resources, time, and cost
E-medicine system	(i) Security flaws exist in virtual connections; (ii) There is a risk that patients’ confidential and sensitive data will be leaked	(i) Removing necessity middlemen while also assisting with legal issues; (ii) Allowing for safe, unchangeable, and untraceable distributed systems
Drugs management	(i) Fake medicines, pharmaceutical traceability; (ii) Drug supply chain security; (iii) Connecting multiple drug dealers	(i) Aiding in the creation of clear drug traces; (ii) Fake drugs are no longer a threat; (iii) Data security is ensured
Clinical trials and correctness of data	(i) Reporting incorrect data; (ii) Lack of transparency	(i) Improving the information’s credibility; (ii) Enhancing the precision of data analytics; (iii) Aiding in the management of genomic sequences in personalized medicine