Do Parental Expectations Play a Role in Children's Sleep and Mothers' Distress? An Exploration of the Goodness of Fit Concept in 54 Mother-Child Dyads

Table 1

Sample characteristics (𝑛=54).

Sex of children
Male ∶ female	56% ∶ 44%
Birth order, mean (SD) [range]	1.6 (0.7) [1–3]
First born ∶ second ∶ third born	54% ∶ 31% ∶ 15%
Family size, mean (SD) [range]	2.3 (0.7) [1–4]
Only child ∶ two children ∶  >two children	7% ∶ 67% ∶ 26%
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Middle class ∶ upper class	48% ∶ 52%
Temperament scores of children, mean (SD) [range]
Emotionality	16.1 (3.8) [9–24]
Shyness	11.0 (4.7) [5–25]
Activity	19.3 (3.7) [9–25]
Sociability	19.5 (2.4) [12–24]
Parental distress scores, mean (SD) [range]
Parental distress (PD)	23.2 (7.7) [13–48]
Parent-child dysfunctional interactions (P-CDI)	17.8 (3.9) [12–28]
Difficult child (DC)	25.9 (6.8) [13–46]
Total stress (TS)	66.9 (14.7) [39–105]

Percentages, mean (standard deviation) and [range] are reported.