Clone Chaotic Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm for Low-Energy Clustering in High-Density Wireless Sensor Networks

Figure 7

Energy consumption of CCPEA, PSO, and SA ((a) 5% cluster head ratio; (b) 10% cluster head ratio; (c) 15% cluster head ratio; (d) 20% cluster head ratio).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)