Stroke Volume Estimation from Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography: Double Empirical Decomposition

Table 2

Comparison with other noninvasive approaches.

Reference	Used technique	Main limitations
[34]	Finger plethysmography	High error. Bland and Altman (43%)
[35]	Transthoracic echocardiography	At least one intensivist in each unit who is an expert on transthoracic echocardiography should be available. Moreover, pitfalls and limits of transthoracic echocardiography need to be known by the users to avoid misinterpretations
[36]	Electrical bioimpedance	Body composition, skin status, electrodes adhesiveness, and obesity are critical factors that affect current penetration.
[37]	Thoracocardiography	Lack of adaptive nature as it depends on a band filter with cut-off values specified by heart rate and ECG.
Our work: Cardiorespiratory inductive plethysmography + adaptive cardiac extraction. It does not need the presence of an expert. The device can be easily personalized and calibrated. The implemented algorithm is completely adaptive.