Conventional Mirror Therapy versus Immersive Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy: The Perceived Usability after Stroke

Table 2

Presents data on the usability perception of the conventional mirror therapy (MT) and immersive virtual reality mirror therapy (VR) systems, stratified by participant groups. The table includes information on perceived usability, cognitive workload, and performance outcomes during tasks completed using both systems.

Variable	Stroke ()			Older adults ()			Young ()
	MT	VR	value	MT	VR	value	MT	VR	value
Usability perception and performance outcomes
SUS (score)			0.07		49.8 ± 8.5	0.78			0.36
NASA-TLX (score)			0.14			0.06			0.12
Sorting cube (° of fittings)			0.0001			0.0001			0.32
Sorting cube (task time, s.)			0.0001			0.0001			0.0001
Number of fittings ()			0.0001			0.03			0.26
Gridlock puzzle (task time, s.)			1.0			1.0			1.0
Looked all time in the mirror (%, )	6.7 (1)	—	—	53.3 (8)	—	—	73.3 (11)	—	—
Discomfort report
Nausea/dizziness (%, )	6.7 (1)	40.0 (6)	0.03	0 (0)	20.0 (3)	0.07	0 (0)	46.7 (7)	0.003
Visual discomfort (%, )	0 (0)	26.7 (4)	0.03	0 (0)	33.3 (5)	0.01	0 (0)	53.33 (8)	0.001
Headache (%, )	0 (0)	6.7 (1)	0.30	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0	0 (0)	33.3 (5)	0.01
Fatigue VR (%, )	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0	0 (0)	6.7 (1)	0.30	0 (0)	26.7 (4)	0.03
Verbalized irritation (%, )	0 (0)	20 (3)	0.07	0 (0)	6.7 (1)	0.31	0 (0)	6.67 (1)	0.31
Anxiety/anguish/tension (%, )	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0
Verbalized dissatisfaction (%, )	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0	0 (0)	6.67 (1)	0.31	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0
Discomfort with the goggles (%, )	—	0 (0)	—	—	13.3 (2)	—	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0
Other discomforts (%, )	0 (0)	13.3 (2)	0.14	0 (0)	6.67 (1)	0.31	0 (0)	13.3 (2)	0.14
Requested activity interruption (%, )	0 (0)	13.3 (2)	0.14	0 (0)	13.3 (2)	0.14	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.0

MT: mirror therapy; VR: immersive virtual reality mirror therapy; SD: standard deviation.