Thermal Hydraulic Analysis Using GIS on Application of HTR to Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil Reservoirs

Table 6

Values of 𝜆_𝑙 in the case of steam or water.

Situation		Value
Sudden enlargement pipe or tube		𝜆𝑙=𝐴2𝐴1−1^2
		where 𝐴1 is the sectional area of upstream flow channel;
		𝐴2 is the sectional area of downstream flow channel.
Sudden contraction pipe or tube		𝜆𝑙𝐴=0.51−^2𝐴1
90° bend		𝜆𝑙=0.12
Valve	Gate valve	𝜆𝑙=0.2
	Ball valve	𝜆𝑙=10.0
	Control valve	𝜆𝑙=5.0