Milling Tool Wear State Recognition by Vibration Signal Using a Stacked Generalization Ensemble Model

Figure 7

X-directional vibration signal feature extraction in time domain: (a) mean, (b) peak, (c) RMS, (d) variance, (e) kurtosis, and (f) skewness.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)