Low-Frequency Carbody Sway Modelling Based on Low Wheel-Rail Contact Conicity Analysis

Figure 6

Nonlinear parameters of the simulation model. (a) Damping forces of primary vertical damper, secondary lateral damper, secondary vertical damper, and yaw damper. (b) Stop force of the secondary lateral stopper. (c) Track irregularity. (d) The PSD of track irregularity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)