Evaluation on Filter Performance of Variational Mode Decomposition and Its Application in Separating Closely Spaced Modes

Table 2

The computational cost of the presented decomposition techniques.

Decomposition technique	Computational complexity	Execution time (s) (N = 4096)
EMD	O (N log N)	0.031
EEMD	O (N log N)	32.086 (NR = 800)
CEEMDAN	O (N log N)	7.170 (NR = 80)
WPT	O (N log N)	0.030 (db4, level 5)
VMD (original)	—	0.180 (α = 2000, K = 2)
VMD (optimized)	—	84.514

N is the data length and NR denotes the number of realizations.