Effects of Oblique Incidence of SV Waves on Nonlinear Seismic Response of a Lined Arched Tunnel

Figure 12

Damage coefficients of the tunnel under different input angles: (a) 0° input angle; (b) 10° input angle; (c) 20° input angle; (d) 30° input angle.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)