Parameters Optimization and Energy Absorption Evaluation of the Steel Ball Friction Energy Absorber

Table 2

Parameters to define the contact relationship.

Parameters	Values
Stiffness coefficient, k (N·mm^−1)	10 000
Damping coefficient, ζ (N·s·mm^−1)	50
Static friction coefficient, fs	0.08
Dynamic friction coefficient, fd	0.05
Stiffness exponent, n	1.5
Static threshold velocity, (mm·s^−1)	0.1
Dynamic threshold velocity, (mm·s^−1)	10