Force Chain Effect of Deep Foundation Pit Supported by Soldier Piles in the Sand-Gravel Layer

Table 1

Particle parameter.

	Stiffness (N/m)	Shear strength (N/m)	Unit weight (kN/m^3)	Model type
Soil particles	1 × 10^9	1 × 10^9	18,000	Stiffness model
Piles	1.2 × 10^10	3.9 × 10^10	25,000	Parallel bonding model
Reinforced soil	1.5 × 10^11	3.9 × 10^11	20,000	Parallel bonding model