Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

Research Article

High Prevalence of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hungarian Pig Farms and Genomic Evidence for the Spillover of the Pathogen to Humans

Table 1

Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility of 56 Swine-Related Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcu saureus isolates.


		Farm environment isolates (n = 37)			Swine professional isolates (n = 19)			Total (n = 56)
		R(%)	I(%)	S(%)	R(%)	I(%)	S(%)	R(%)	I(%)	S(%)

Penicillin		37 (100)	—	0 (0)	19 (100)	—	0 (0)	56 (100)	—	0 (0)
Cefoxitin		36 (97.3)	—	1 (2.7)	17 (89.5)	—	2 (10.5)	53 (94.6)	—	3 (5.4)
Tetracycline		37 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	19 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	56 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Clindamycin		29 (78.4)	0 (0)	8 (21.6)	18 (94.7)	1 (5.3)	0 (0)	47 (83.9)	1 (1.8)	8 (14.3)
Trimethoprim		21 (56.8)	—	16 (43.2)	11 (57.9)	—	8 (42.1)	32 (57.1)	—	24 (42.9)
Quinupristin/dalfopristin		20 (54.1)	4 (10.8)	13 (35.1)	7 (36.8)	8 (42.1)	4 (21.1)	27 (48.2)	12 (21.4)	17 (30.4)
Ciprofloxacin^†		15 (40.5)	3 (8.1)	—	10 (52.6)	5 (26.3)	—	25 (44.6)	8 (14.3)	—
Chloramphenicol		17 (45.9)	0 (0)	20 (54.1)	7 (36.8)	0 (0)	12 (63.2)	24 (42.9)	0 (0)	32 (57.1)
Erythromycin		15 (40.5)	0 (0)	22 (59.5)	8 (42.1)	0 (0)	11 (57.9)	23 (41.1)	0 (0)	33 (58.9)
Gentamicin		4 (10.8)	—	33 (89.2)	3 (15.8)	—	16 (84.2)	7 (12.5)	—	49 (87.5)
Fusidic acid		1 (2.7)	—	36 (97.3)	0 (0)	—	19 (100)	1 (1.8)	—	55 (98.2)
Linezolid		1 (2.7)	—	36 (97.3)	0 (0)	—	19 (100)	1 (1.8)	—	55 (98.2)
Rifampicin		0 (0)	0 (0)	37 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	19 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	56 (100)
Vancomycin		0 (0)	—	37 (100)	0 (0)	—	19 (100)	0 (0)	—	56 (100)
Sulfamethoxazole^‡		0 (0)	—	37 (100)	0 (0)	—	19 (100)	0 (0)	—	56 (100)

	ECOFF (mg/L)	NWT (%)		WT (%)	NWT (%)		WT (%)	NWT (%)		WT (%)
Tiamulin^§	2	25 (67.6)		12 (32.4)	16 (84.2)		3 (15.8)	41 (73.2)		15 (26.8)
Streptomycin^§	16	9 (24.3)		28 (75.7)	5 (26.3)		14 (73.7)	14 (25.0)		42 (75.0)
Kanamycin^§	8	4 (10.8)		33 (89.2)	3 (15.8)		16 (84.2)	7 (12.5)		49 (87.5)
Mupirocin^§	1	0 (0)		37 (100)	0 (0)		19 (100)	0 (0)		56 (100)

R, resistant; I, susceptible, increased exposure; and S, susceptible. ^†The susceptibility of 23 isolates could not be determined, because their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) fell below the lowest concentration measured (0.25 mg/L). ^‡MIC values evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. ^§Epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values were used to determine wild-type (WT) and non-wild-type isolates.