High Prevalence of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hungarian Pig Farms and Genomic Evidence for the Spillover of the Pathogen to Humans

Table 2

Antimicrobial resistance determinants in 56 swine-related Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Rresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Resistance genes and mutations are listed as identified using ResFinder. The occurrence rates are indicated in parentheses.

Antimicrobial classes	Resistance genes (%)
Beta-lactams	blaZ (100); mecA (100)
Tetracyclines	tet(M) (98.2); tet(K) (96.4); tet(L) (5.4)
Phenicols	fexA (28.6)
Aminoglycosides	aac(6′)-aph(2″) (12.5); aadD (5.4); ant(9)-Ia (50.0)
Streptomycin	ant(6)-Ia (5.4); str (19.6)
Trimethoprim	dfrG (44.6); dfrK (12.5)
Fusidic acid	fus(C) (1.8)
Lincosamides	lnu(A) (5.4); lnu(B) (48.2)
Lincosamides, pleuromutilins, streptogramin A	lsa(E) (48.2); vga(A)LC (10.7); vga(A)V (8.9); vga(E) (3.6)
Macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin B	erm(A) (5.4); erm(B) (10.7); erm(C) (26.8)
All phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, streptogramin A	cfr (1.8)
	Gene mutations and corresponding amino acid change
Fluoroquinolones	gyrA [S84L] (33.9) grlA [S80F] or grlA [S80Y] (48.2)

Genes with bold characters are multidrug resistance genes, that is, they code resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes.