Farm Prevalence of Bovine Brucellosis, Farmer Awareness, and Local Practices in Small- and Medium-Scale Cattle Farms in a Tropical Region of Ecuador

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of potential risk factors included in the univariable analysis according to farm brucellosis serological result in milk tank from 131 cattle farms sampled in Quinindé canton, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador.

Features	Potential risk factor	Category	Positive/total (%)
Cattle replacement	Farm size	Small	10/131 (8)
		Medium	10/42 (24)
	From neighboring farms	Yes	3/29 (10)
		No	17/144 (12)
	From the same farm	Yes	12/126 (10)
		No	8/47 (17)
	Purchased at fairs	Yes	6/24 (25)
		No	14/149 (9)
Calving	Having calving pens	Yes	1/17 (6)
		No	19/156 (12)
Reproduction	Natural breeding	Yes	19/169 (11)
		No	1/2 (50)
	Insemination	Yes	0/7 (0)
		No	20/166 (12)
Abortion management	Incineration/burial of abortion material	Yes	9/115 (8)
		No	11/58 (19)
	Keeps the aborting cows	Yes	17/140 (12)
		No	3/33 (9)
Manure management	Leave manure in the barn	Yes	13/119 (11)
		No	7/54 (13)
	Use manure as fertilizer	Yes	4/44 (9)
		No	16/129 (12)
	Manure runs off into a stream	Yes	2/10 (20)
		No	18/163 (11)
Share of pastures and water sources	Pastures shared with cattle from other farms	Yes	15/146 (10)
		No	5/27 (19)
	Water source shared with other farms	Yes	12/75 (16)
		No	8/98 (8)
Others	Share cattle utensils with other farms	Yes	1/3 (33)
		No	19/170 (11)
	Cattle vaccination against brucellosis	Yes	0/1 (0)
		No	20/172 (12)

Variables found significant at in the univariable analysis, Strain RB51/strain 19.