Flying Syringes for Emerging Enzootic Virus Screening: Proof of Concept for the Development of Noninvasive Xenosurveillance Tools Based on Tsetse Flies

Table 2

Engorgement and positivity rates in tsetse flies at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 144 hr postingestion of viral particles.

		Engorgement			Virus genome detection
	Hours postingestion	No. of tsetse flies orally infected	No. of tsetse flies fully engorged	Engorgement rate (%)	No. of tsetse flies that died	No. of living tsetse flies (tested)	No. of positive tsetse flies	Positivity rate (%)
		207	128	61.8
	0				–	21	21	100
	6				–	21	21	100
CHIKV	24				–	21	21	100
	48				–	19	17	89
	72				–	20	19	95
	144				–	26	23	88
		295	129	43.7
	0				–	18	17	94
	6				–	18	18	100
DENV	24				–	21	21	100
	48				–	20	19	95
	72				1	23	22	96
	144				–	28	16	57
		289	197	68.2
	0				–	32	28	88
	6				–	31	23	74
ZIKV	24				1	32	31	97
	48				–	34	29	85
	72				–	34	29	85
	144				–	33	20	61
		307	135	44
	0				–	21	14	67
	6				–	24	16	67
ASFV	24				–	23	15	65
	48				–	21	14	67
	72				–	22	11	50
	144				2	22	1	5
		317	166	52.4
	0				–	25	18	72
	6				–	28	20	71
PPRV	24				1	26	20	77
	48				16	20	12	60
	72				4	20	13	65
	144				–	26	11	42
		198	99	50
	0				–	16	13	81
	6				–	14	14	100
BTV	24				–	15	14	93
	48				–	16	15	94
	72				–	16	16	100
	144				–	22	12	55

CHIKV, Chikungunya virus; DENV, Dengue-2 virus; ZIKV, Zika virus; ASFV, African swine fever virus; PPRV, Peste des petits ruminants virus; BTV, bluetongue virus.