Methods and Tools Used for Biosecurity Assessment in Livestock Farms in Africa: A Scoping Review

Figure 4

Factors assessed for their association with biosecurity measures in livestock farms in Africa (n = 22). The figure reports the number of studies in which the association between at least one biosecurity measure and another factor (i.e., animal health, demographics of farmers, economy, farm characteristics, production performance, antimicrobial usage (AMU), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR)) was assessed. In many studies, more than one factor was considered.