Methods and Tools Used for Biosecurity Assessment in Livestock Farms in Africa: A Scoping Review

Table 1

General characteristics of the included studies.

Variables	Number of studies	Percentage (%)	References
Language	41	—	—
English	41	100	[34–74]
French	0	0	—
Region of Africa	41	—	—
Center	3	7.3	[52, 54, 62]
East	14	34.1	[37–41, 46, 51, 53, 55, 56, 63, 70, 71, 74]
North	7	17.1	[36, 44, 48, 58, 64, 69, 72]
South	1	2.4	[65]
West	16	39.0	[34, 35, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 59–61, 66–68, 73]
Study design	41	—	—
Cross-sectional	39	95.1	[34–54, 56–59, 61–74]
Longitudinal	2	4.9	[55, 60]
Sampling strategy for farm selection	41	—	—
Multistate	6	14.6	[34, 41, 49, 50, 57, 72]
Random	11	26.8	[42, 44, 45, 47, 52, 56, 59–61, 65, 66]
Random systematic	3	7.3	[50, 53, 70]
Snow-ball	8	19.5	[36, 54, 62, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74]
Not reported	13	31.7	[35, 37–40, 43, 46, 48, 55, 58, 63, 64, 69]
Number of farms included in the study	41	—	—
≤50	12	29.3	[35, 37, 38, 40, 46, 47, 53, 55, 60, 63, 64, 69]
51–100	12	29.3	[36, 39, 41, 43, 50, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 67, 71]
101–150	5	12.2	[42, 48, 49, 51, 52]
151–500	8	19.5	[44, 56, 59, 65, 68, 72–74]
>500	4	9.7	[34, 45, 66, 70]
Animal species	41	—	—
Cattle	5	12.2	[40, 51, 55, 56, 65]
Pig	8	19.5	[34, 41, 42, 54, 60–62, 67]
Poultry	26	63.4	[35–39, 43–50, 52, 53, 57–59, 63, 64, 66, 69–73]
Poultry and pig	1	2.4	[68]
Cattle, goat, and sheep	1	2.4	[65]
Poultry species	27	—	—
Broilers	5	18.5	[36, 38, 44, 52, 71]
Ducks	1	3.7	[69]
Layers	1	3.7	[64]
Broilers and layers	6	22.2	[37, 43, 50, 57, 63, 73]
More than two species	4	14.8	[35, 53, 58, 59]
Not reported	10	37.0	[39, 45–49, 66, 68, 70, 72]
Cattle	6	—	—
Dairy	3	50.0	[55, 56, 74]
Beef	1	16.7	[40]
Dairy and beef	1	16.7	[51]
Not reported	1	16.7	[65]