Methods and Tools Used for Biosecurity Assessment in Livestock Farms in Africa: A Scoping Review

Table 2

Methods and tools used to assess biosecurity in livestock farms in Africa.

Variable	Pigs		Cattle		Poultry		Poultry and pigs		Cattle, goats, and sheep		Total
	N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)
Interviewer
Researchers	2	25.0	2	40.0	5	19.2	1	100	0	0	10	24.4
Veterinary officers	0	0	0	0	3	11.5	0	0	0	0	3	7.3
Trained person	1	12.5	1	20.0	2	7.7	0	0	0	0	4	9.8
Others (combination of above)	0	0	1	20.0	2	7.7	0	0	0	0	3	7.3
Not reported	5	62.5	1	20.0	14	53.8	0	0	1	100	21	51.2
Respondent
Farm owners	2	25.0	1	20.0	8	30.8	0	0	0	0	11	26.8
Farm managers	0	0	0	0	3	11.5	0	0	0	0	3	7.3
Farm owner and farm manager	2	25.0	2	40.0	2	7.7	0	0	1	100	7	17.1
Combination of more than 2 farm stakeholders	1	12.5	2	40.0	7	26.9	0	0	0	0	10	24.4
Not reported	3	37.5	0	0	6	23.1	1	100	0	0	10	24.4
Type of survey
Interview	6	75.0	5	100	23	88.6	1	100	1	100	36	87.9
Online	0	0	0	0	1	3.8	0	0	0	0	1	2.4
Interview and focus group	2	25.0	0	0	1	3.8	0	0	0	0	3	7.3
Not reported	0	0	0	0	1	3.8	0	0	0	0	1	2.4
Face-to-face survey
Yes	7	87.5	2	40.0	22	84.7	1	100	0	0	32	78.0
No	1	12.5	2	40.0	1	3.8	0	0	1	100	5	12.2
Not reported	0	0	1	20.0	3	11.5	0	0	0	0	4	9.8
Implementation with direct observation
Yes	5	62.5	2	40.0	14	53.8	1	100	0	0	22	53.7
No	1	12.5	1	20.0	1	3.8	0	0	1	100	4	9.8
Not reported	2	25.0	2	40.0	11	42.3	0	0	0	0	15	36.6
Support used for the survey
Digital application	0	0	1	20.0	3	11.6	1	100	1	100	6	14.6
Paper	6	75.0	3	60.0	9	34.6	0	0	0	0	18	43.9
Not reported	2	25.0	1	20.0	14	53.8	0	0	0	0	17	41.5
Duration of the survey (hr)
1	0	0	0	0	1	3.8	0	0	0	0	1	2.4
Not reported	8	100	5	100	25	96.2	1	100	1	100	40	97.6

Interview was usually performed with a questionnaire with or without additional discussion.