Review Article
Methods and Tools Used for Biosecurity Assessment in Livestock Farms in Africa: A Scoping Review
Table 2
Methods and tools used to assess biosecurity in livestock farms in Africa.
| Variable | Pigs | Cattle | Poultry | Poultry and pigs | Cattle, goats, and sheep | Total | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) |
| Interviewer | Researchers | 2 | 25.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 5 | 19.2 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 24.4 | Veterinary officers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7.3 | Trained person | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 20.0 | 2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9.8 | Others (combination of above) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20.0 | 2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7.3 | Not reported | 5 | 62.5 | 1 | 20.0 | 14 | 53.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 21 | 51.2 | Respondent | Farm owners | 2 | 25.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 8 | 30.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 26.8 | Farm managers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7.3 | Farm owner and farm manager | 2 | 25.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 7 | 17.1 | Combination of more than 2 farm stakeholders | 1 | 12.5 | 2 | 40.0 | 7 | 26.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 24.4 | Not reported | 3 | 37.5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 23.1 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 24.4 | Type of survey | Interview | 6 | 75.0 | 5 | 100 | 23 | 88.6 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 36 | 87.9 | Online | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.4 | Interview and focus group | 2 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7.3 | Not reported | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.4 | Face-to-face survey | Yes | 7 | 87.5 | 2 | 40.0 | 22 | 84.7 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 78.0 | No | 1 | 12.5 | 2 | 40.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 5 | 12.2 | Not reported | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20.0 | 3 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9.8 | Implementation with direct observation | Yes | 5 | 62.5 | 2 | 40.0 | 14 | 53.8 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 53.7 | No | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 4 | 9.8 | Not reported | 2 | 25.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 11 | 42.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 36.6 | Support used for the survey | Digital application | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20.0 | 3 | 11.6 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 6 | 14.6 | Paper | 6 | 75.0 | 3 | 60.0 | 9 | 34.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 43.9 | Not reported | 2 | 25.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 14 | 53.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 41.5 | Duration of the survey (hr) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.4 | Not reported | 8 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 25 | 96.2 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 40 | 97.6 |
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Interview was usually performed with a questionnaire with or without additional discussion.
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