Effect of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in Preventing COVID-19 on the Circulation of Avian Influenza Virus in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
Table 3
AIV nucleic acid positive rate of different monitoring sites, sample types, and birds origins (positive rates (%) = (number of positive samples/number of samples collected) × 100).
Categories
Non-NPIs
NPIs
Total
Mean ± SD
χ2
p
Monitoring sites
Live poultry markets
48.31 (229/474)
41.01 (171/417)
44.89 (400/891)
43.16 ± 9.34
4.785
0.029
Poultry farm
9.09 (9/99)
5.88 (8/136)
7.23 (17/235)
5.62 ± 6.06
0.879
0.348
Poultry free-range sites
9.77 (21/215)
2.39 (15/628)
4.27 (36/843)
3.36 ± 5.36
21.332
<0.001
Mobile vendors
27.27 (36/132)
31.48 (17/54)
28.49 (53/186)
27.57 ± 20.87
0.333
0.564
Slaughterhouse
20.00 (6/30)
33.33 (15/45)
28.00 (21/75)
19.67 ± 16.35
1.587
0.208
Wild bird habitat
0 (0/81)
0 (0/130)
0 (0/211)
/
/
/
Sample types
Cage
26.95 (76/282)
15.71 (49/312)
21.04 (125/594)
21.37 ± 6.06
11.273
0.001
Chopping board
57.97 (40/69)
40.00 (60/150)
45.66 (100/219)
44.02 ± 17.63
6.152
0.013
Feces
24.53 (92/375)
12.11 (51/421)
17.96 (143/796)
17.11 ± 9.01
20.757
<0.001
Sewage
42.98 (52/121)
17.07 (35/205)
26.69 (87/326)
27.17 ± 17.49
26.092
<0.001
Drinking water
25.42 (45/177)
9.50 (23/242)
16.23 (68/419)
16.80 ± 12.04
19.057
<0.001
Others
5.88 (1/17)
10.00 (8/80)
9.28 (9/97)
8.67 ± 10.40
0.282
0.595
Birds origins
Trafficking
44.22 (218/493)
36.14 (176/487)
40.20 (394/980)
38.36 ± 10.71
6.652
0.010
Autotrophy
10.59 (41/387)
5.56 (43/773)
7.24 (84/1,160)
7.90 ± 3.49
9.720
0.002
Wild
0 (0/81)
0 (0/130)
0 (0/211)
/
/
/
Non-NPIs corresponded to the stage before COVID-19, and NPIs corresponded to the stage after COVID-19. The period from January 2018 to January 2020 was defined as before COVID-19, while the period from June 2020 to December 2022 was defined as after COVID-19. The non-H5/7/9 subtypes were referred to as Untyped. SD, standard deviation.
