Effect of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in Preventing COVID-19 on the Circulation of Avian Influenza Virus in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China

Table 4

Multifactorial analysis of binary logistic regression for AIV nucleic acid positive rate.

Independent variables	β	SE	p	OR	95% CI for OR
					Lower	Upper
Year
2019	−0.011	0.173	0.949	0.989	0.704	1.389
2020	−0.972	0.243	<0.001	0.378	0.235	0.610
2021	−0.767	0.189	<0.001	0.464	0.321	0.673
2022	−0.080	0.156	0.608	0.923	0.680	1.253
Monitoring sites
Poultry farm	−1.990	0.269	<0.001	0.137	0.081	0.231
Poultry free-range sites	−2.089	0.232	<0.001	0.124	0.079	0.195
Mobile vendors	−0.471	0.202	0.020	0.625	0.421	0.927
Slaughterhouse	−1.158	0.279	<0.001	0.314	0.182	0.543
Sample types
Chopping board	0.857	0.200	<0.001	2.357	1.592	3.488
Feces	−0.063	0.159	0.692	0.939	0.688	1.282
Sewage	0.132	0.187	0.482	1.141	0.790	1.647
Drinking water	−0.110	0.193	0.570	0.896	0.614	1.308
Others	−0.411	0.437	0.348	0.663	0.281	1.563
Birds origins
Autotrophy	−1.058	0.170	<0.001	0.347	0.249	0.484

The first category was used as the reference group for all four independent variables. The year 2018 was selected as the reference group for “Year” group. The live poultry market was selected as the reference group for “Monitoring site” group. The AIV had not been detected in wild bird habitats and the result is not shown here. The cage was selected as the reference group for “Sample types” group. Trafficking sample was selected as the reference group for “Birds origins” group. The AIV had not been detected in wild origin samples and the result is not shown here. β, regression coefficient; SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio; and CI, confidence interval.