Research Article
Wild Birds as Drivers of Salmonella Braenderup and Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Wetlands of Northern Italy
Table 3
Phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from wild aquatic birds sampled in Northern Italy.
| | Resistant isolates | Animal | Antibiotics | Resistance genes |
| | A. sobria | Anas crecca | CS | mcr-3, mcr-4 | | Anas crecca | TZP MRP | — | | Anas crecca | MRP | — | | Spatula clypeata | TZP CS | — | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | blaTEM |
| | A. hydrophila/caviae | Anas crecca | CS | mcr-4 | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | blaTEM | | Spatula clypeata | CS | mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 | | Anser anser | CS | mcr-2, mcr-4 |
| | Ac. lwoffi | Anas crecca | CS ESBL | mcr-4, blaCMY-2 | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — |
| | C. braaki | Spatula clypeata | FOX CS | ESBL, mcr-4 |
| | Ent. cloacae | Spatula clypeata | FOX CAZ | — | | Anas crecca | FOX CAZ ESBL ETP | blaNDM, blaKPC |
| | E. coli | Spatula clypeata | TZP | — | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | blaCMY-1, blaTEM | | Spatula clypeata | FOX | — | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | blaCMY-1, blaTEM | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | — | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | — | | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | — | | Anas crecca | ESBL | blaTEM, blaCMY-1 | | Anser anser | ESBL CS | blaTEM, blaCMY-1, mcr-3, mcr-4 | | Anser anser | ESBL | blaTEM, blaCMY-1 | | Anser anser | ESBL | blaTEM, blaCMY-1 | | Anser anser | ESBL | blaCMY-1 | | Anser anser | ESBL | blaCMY-1 |
| | H. alvei | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | — |
| | K. criocrescens | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | blaTEM |
| | L. adecarboxylata | Anas crecca | FOX ESBL | blaSHV, blaTEM |
| | Morg. morganii | Anas crecca | ETP | — |
| | Pantotea spp. | Anas crecca | FOX CAZ ETP ESBL | blaCMY-1, blaCMY-2, blaNDM, blaKPC |
| | P. fluorescens | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | — | | Anas crecca | CS ESBL | mcr-2, mcr-4 | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — |
| | P. putida | Spatula clypeata | ESBL | — |
| | P. stutzeri | Anas crecca | CS | mcr-4 | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — |
| | S. fonticola | Anas crecca | FOX | — | | Anas crecca | ESBL | — | | Spatula clypeata | FOX | — | | Anas crecca | AK FOX CAZ CN ETP | blaNDM, blaKPC | | Mareca strepera | ESBL | blaCTX-M | | Mareca strepera | ESBL | blaCTX-M |
| | Salmonella enterica | Anas crecca | — | aac(6′)-Iaa |
| | S. liquefacens | Anas crecca | FOX | — |
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AK, amikacin; CAZ, ceftazidime; CN, gentamycin; CS, colistin; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; ETP, ertapenem; FOX, cefoxitin; MRP, meropenem; TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; and , intrinsic resistance. |
