Research Article

Wild Birds as Drivers of Salmonella Braenderup and Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Wetlands of Northern Italy

Table 4

Phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from wild aquatic birds sampled in Northern Italy.

Resistant isolatesAnimalAntibioticsResistance genes

E. casseliflavusAnas creccaQDvatD, vatE, vgA
Spatula clypeataQD
Spatula clypeataQD LNZ TEICvatD, vgA, vgbB
Vanellus vanellusQDvatD, msrC
Vanellus vanellusQDvgA, msrC

E. duransAnas creccaQDvatE, msrC

E. faecalisAnas creccaDAP

E. faeciumAnas creccaQD
Anas creccaQDvatE, msrC
Anas creccaQDvatD, msrC
Vanellus vanellusQDvatE, vgA, msrC

E. gallinarumAnas creccaQD
Anas creccaQDvatD, vgA
Spatula clypeataQD
Spatula clypeataQDermB, msrC, vatE, vgbA
Anser anserQDvgbB
Anas creccaQDmsrC, vatD, vgA
Vanellus vanellusQDmsrC, vatD, vgA
Vanellus vanellusQDvatD, msrC

E. gallinarumMareca streperaQDermB, msrC, vgaB
Mareca streperaQDermB, vgaB
Anas platyrhynchosQDermB, vatE, vgA
Anas platyrhynchosQDermB, vatE, vgA, vgaB
Anas platyrhynchosAMP LNZ QD TEICmsrC, optrA, vanC1/C2, vanM, vanG, vgaB

E. hiraeSpatula clypeataAMP LNZ QD TEIC VANoptrA, vanM, vgbB

Staph. lentusSpatula clypeataCLIN DAP LNZ OX RD STX TEIC TET VANInuA, poxtA, tetK, vanD
Spatula clypeataCLIN OX STXsul2

Strep. thoraltensisSpatula clypeataBEN CLIN CTX ERY LEV TETgyrA, InuA, mefA/E

Strep. alactolyticusAnas creccaBEN CTX CRO CLIN ERY LEV MXF VANermB, gyrA, InuA, mefA/E

AMP, ampicillin; BEN, benzypenicillin; CLIN, clindamycin; CTX, cefotaxime; CRO, ceftriaxone; DAP, daptomycin; ERY, erythromycin; LEV, levofloxacin; LNZ, linezolid; MXF, moxifloxacine; OX, oxacillin; QD, quinupristin/dalfopristin; RD, rifampicin; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; TEIC, teicoplanin; TET, tetracycline; VAN, vancomycin; and CAMP test positive isolates by Vitek 2 system (Biomerieux, France).